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ȼɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ Ωɞɿɫɿ
(ȼȻԤ) –
ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɥɚɪԑɚ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ:
1)
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿ ɦɟɧ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
ɞɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵԕ: ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵɧ, ɚɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɬԛɡɭɲɿɥɟɪ – ɛɨɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪ ɛɟɪɟɞɿ;
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧɿΝ
Ϋɥɲɟɦɿ ȺɈ Ιɚɛɵɫɭɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ;
2)
ȺɈ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿɥɟɪɿ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɟɞɿ;
ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭ ɬΟɪɿ
ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɞɵΝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ ΙΡɪɵɥɵɫɵ, ɬɚɛɢΕɚɬɵ ɠΩɧɟ ɫɚ
-
ɧɵɦɟɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɥɚɞɵ;
3)
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿΝ ɬΡɪɚΙɬɵɥɵΕɵ
V
– ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ
S
–
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧɵԙ ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɞɵԑɵɧɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿɧɿԙ ȺɈ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɨɫ
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɿɦɟɧ ԕɚɛɵɫɚɞɵ);
4)
ɤɨ
ɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ΙɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵΝ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɬɿɤ Ιɚɫɢɟɬɿ ȺɈ ɨɪɧɚɥɚ
-
ɫɭɵɦɟɧ ɬΟɫɿɧɞɿɪɿɥɟɞɿ:
ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɛɚɪ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ
ɩɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɬɿ, ɚɥ ɠԝɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɛɚɪ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ – ɞɢɚɦɚɝ
-
ɧɢɬɬɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚΕɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵΝ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿ
1-
ɦɵɫɚɥ.
>
Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
–
ɢɨɧɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɤԛɦɿɫ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ
(Ag)
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ … 4d
10
5s
1
5p
0
ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɫɟɤ, ɤԛɦɿɫ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ (Ag
+
)
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ… 4d
10
5s
0
5p
0
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ɫɚɧɵ 2
-
ɝɟ
ɬɟԙ, ɫɨԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɤԛɦɿɫɬɿԙ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɦɟɧ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ԕɨɫ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɩɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ: Ag
+
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɛɨɫ ȺɈ
ɚɦɦɢɚɤɬɵԙ (NH
3
) ɟɤɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ
ɠԝɩɬɚɪɵɦɟɧ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ȼɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɿɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɟɤɿ
ȺɈ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥԑɚɧ: ɛɿɪ 5s
-
ɠԥɧɟ ɛɿɪ 5p
-
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ, sp
-
ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿԙ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɫɵɡɵԕɬɵ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
2-
ɦɵɫɚɥ.
>
Zn(OH)
4
]
2
–
–
ɢɨɧɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɦɵɪɵɲ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ (
Zn)
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ … 3d
10
4s
2
4p
0
ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɫɟɤ, ɦɵɪɵɲ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ
(Zn
2+
)
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ … 3d
10
4s
0
4p
0
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ
ɫɚɧɵ 4 ɬɟԙ, ɫɨԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɦɵɪɵɲɬɵԙ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɥɢɝɚɧɞ
-
ɬɚɪɦɟɧ ɬԧɪɬ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ: Zn
2+
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɛɨɫ ȺɈ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
–
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ (Ɉɇ
–
) ɬԧɪɬ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɠԝɩɬɚɪɵɧɚ ɬɚɪɬɵɥɚɞɵ. Ȼɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɿɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɬԧɪɬ ȺɈ ԕɨɥɞɚ
-