Упрощенная HTML-версия
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ɧɵɥԑɚɧ: ɛɿɪ 4s
–
ɠԥɧɟ ԛɲ 4p
–
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ, sp
3
– ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭ
ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪ ɩɿɲɿɧɞɟɫ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
3-
ɦɵɫɚɥ.
>
PdCl
4
]
2
–
–
ɢɨɧɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ (
Pd)
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ …4d
10
5s
0
5p
0
ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɫɟɤ, ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɣ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ
(Pd
2+
) ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ … 4d
8
5s
0
5p
0
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ
ɫɚɧɵ 4 ɬɟԙ, ɫɨԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɞɿԙ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕ ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɦɟɧ ɬԧɪɬ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ: Pd
2+
–
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ
ɛɨɫ ȺɈ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ
-
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ (Cl
–
) ɬԧɪɬ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɠԝɩɬɚɪɵ ɬԛɫɭɿ ɤɟɪɟɤ. ɏɭɧɞ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɟɤɿ d
–
ȺɈ
ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ. Ʌɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪ ԧɪɿɫɿ
ԥɫɟɪɿɧɟɧ ɟɤɿ d–ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɭɵ d
–
ȺɈ ɛɨɫɚɭɵɧɚ
ԥɤɟɥɟɞɿ. ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɿɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɬԧɪɬ ȺɈ ԕɨɥɞɚ
-
ɧɵɥɚɞɵ: ɛɿɪ 4d
–
, ɛɿɪ 5s
–
ɠԥɧɟ ɟɤɿ 5p
–
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ, ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭ
ɬԛɪɿ –
dsp
2
. Ʉɨɦɥɟɤɫɬɿԙ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɿɲɿɧɿ – ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɬԥɪɿɡɞɿ.
4-
ɦɵɫɚɥ.
>
ɋɨ(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
ɢɨɧɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ (ɋɨ
)
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ … 3d
7
4s
2
4p
0
ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɫɟɤ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ (ɋɨ
3+
)
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ … 3d
6
4s
0
4p
0
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ɫɚɧɵ 6
ɬɟԙ, ɫɨԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɬɿԙ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɦɟɧ ɚɥɬɵ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ: ɋɨ
3+
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɛɨɫ ȺɈ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ (NH
3
)
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɚɥɬɵ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɠԝɩɬɚɪɵɦɟɧ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɞɵ.
ɏɭɧɞ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬԧɪɬ d–ȺɈ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ. Ʌɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪ ԧɪɿɫɿ ԥɫɟɪɿɧɟɧ ɟɤɿ d–ȺɈ
ɛɨɫɚɭɵɧɚ ԥɤɟɥɟɬɿɧ ɬԧɪɬ d–ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɭɵ ɛɚɣԕɚ
-
ɥɚɞɵ. Ȼɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɿɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɦԝɧɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɚɥɬɵ ȺɈ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ: d
2
sp
3
– ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭɝɟ ɫɚɣ ɟɤɿ 3d–, ɛɿɪ 4s– ɠԥɧɟ ԛɲ
4p-
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ ԕɚɬɵɫɚɞɵ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿԙ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɿɲɿɧɿ –
ɨɤɬɚɷɞɪ ɬԥɪɿɡɞɿ.
>
ɋɨ(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
ɫɢɹԕɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵ
ɿɲɤɿ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɵΙ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ
.
Ʌɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԧɪɿɫ ɤԛɲɿ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɞɵԙ d–ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɭɵ ԛɲɿɧ ɠɟɬɤɿɥɿɤɫɿɡ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɟɪ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɦɵɫɚɥɵ [CoF
6
]
3
–
. Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿɧɿԙ
ɥɢɝɚɧɞɩɟɧ ɚɥɬɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɭɿ ɿɲɤɿ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟɝɿ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪ
ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ: ɛɿɪ s–, ԛɲ ɪ– ɠԥɧɟ ɟɤɿ d–ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɞɚɪɵ
ԕɚɬɵɫɚɞɵ. Ƚɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭ ɬԛɪɿ –
sp
3
d
2
. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿԙ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ
ɩɿɲɿɧɿ – ɨɤɬɚɷɞɪɥɿɤ. [Co
F
6
]
–
3
ɫɢɹԕɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɟɪɞɿ
ɫɵɪɬΙɵ
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɵΙ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ.
Ʌɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɝɟ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɭ (ԧɪɿɫ ɤԛɲɿ) ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɿ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɨɥɚɪɞɵ ɦɵɧɚ ԕɚɬɚɪ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɬɵɪɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ: