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ȼɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ԥɞɿɫɿ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɟɪɞɿԙ,
ɫɨɧɞɚɣ
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ɚԕ ɛɟɣɬɚɪɚɩ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɟɪɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ, ɬɨɬɵԑɭ
ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿ ɛɨɥɚ
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ɬɵɧɞɵԑɵɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɟɞɿ. Ȼɿɪɚԕ ɛԝɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɵ
ԥɥɫɿɡ ԕɚɛɵɫɚɬɵɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɟɪ ԛɲɿɧ ԑɚɧɚ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԥɫɟɪɿ ɤԛɲɬɿ, ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ ԕɚɛɵɫɚɬɵɧ ɤɨɦ
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ɩɥɟɤɫɬɟɪɞɿ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɠɚɪɚɦɫɵɡ.
ɆɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵΙ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪ Ωɞɿɫɿ
(ɆɈԤ) –
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭ
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ɲɿɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɞɟ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɟɞɿ.
Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿ ɹɞɪɨɫɵɧɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ɨɫɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿԙ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɵɧɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ ɛɿɪɬԝɬɚɫ
ɤɜɚɧɬɵԕ
-
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɠԛɣɟ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɞɵ.
Ʌɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɵ
S
–ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧ ɬԛɡɭɝɟ ɛɟɣɿɦ ɟɦɟɫ ɚɭɵɫɩɚɥɵ
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɨɤɬɚɷɞɪɥɿɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɧ
>
ɋɨ(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
ɢɨɧɵɧ ɦɵ
-
ɫɚɥԑɚ ɚɥɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɣɵԕ.
d
z
2
d
x
2
–
y
2
s p
x
p
y
p
z
d
xy
d
yz
d
xz
Ȼɨɫɚɬɭɲɵ ɆɈ
pn pn pn
Ȼɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭɲɵ
ɆɈ
Ȼɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭɲɵ
ɟɦɟɫ ɆɈ
pn pn pn pn pn pn
Ʌɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɥɬɵ ȺɈ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɬɨԑɵɡ
ȺɈ 15 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɞɚɪ (ɆɈ) ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ.
V
–ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ
ɬԛɡɿɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɧ ɥɢɝɚɧ
-
ɞɚɥɚɪɞɵ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭɲɵ
ɬԛɡɭ ɛɨɣɵɦɟɧ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɦɵɧɚ
-
ɞɚɣ ɚɥɬɵ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɤɟɪɟɤ: d
z
2
, d
x
2
–
y
2
, s, p
x
, p
y
, p
z
.
Ԕɚɥԑɚɧ ԛɲ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ (d
xy
, d
yz
, d
xz
)
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭɲɵ ɟɦɟɫ
ɆɈ
ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɵ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪ
ɚɪɚɥɵԑɵɧɞɚ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɛԝɥ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɿɫ
ɠԛɡɿɧɞɟ ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɣɞɿ. Ȼԝɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɟ ɋɨ
3+
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ԛɲ ɷɥɟɤ
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ɬɪɨɧɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭɲɵ ɟɦɟɫ ɆɈ
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ɞɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥɬɵ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭɲɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪ ɷɥɟɤ
-
ɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ (ԥɪԕɚɣɫɵɫɵɧɚ ɟɤɿɞɟɧ), ɚɥɬɵ
ɛɨɫɚɬɭɲɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵΙ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɞɚɪ
ɛɨɫ ԕɚɥɚɞɵ. Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɬɿɤ, ɨɩɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɞɚ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɟɞɿ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ