Упрощенная HTML-версия
88
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɝɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɝɿ ɫɚɧɞɵԕ ɬԛɪɞɟ
ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
(
ȝ
)
ɲɚɦɚɫɵɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ:
ȝ = Ɛ · q,
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
Ɛ
–
ɞɢɩɨɥɶ ԝɡɵɧɞɵԑɵ (ɨԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɪɿɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɚɭɵɪɥɵԕ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɚɪɚԕɚɲɵԕɬɵԑɵ),
q
= 1,6 · 10Ǧ
19
Ʉɥ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɛɿɪɥɿɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ.
Ⱦɢɩɨɥɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɧɿԙ ɦԥɧɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɦɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ,
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɧɵԙ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɿ ɞɟ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ. ȿɤɿ ɚɬɨɦɞɵ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ (Ⱥ
2
, Ⱥȼ) ԛɲɿɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɩɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭ
-
ɥɚɧɵԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ. ȿɝɟɪ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ԛɲ
ɚɬɨɦɞɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɨɞɚɧ ɞɚ ɤԧɩ ɛɨɥɫɚ (Ⱥ
2
ȼ, Ⱥȼ
2
, Ⱥȼ
3
, Ⱥȼ
4
…), ɨɧɞɚ
ɤɟɣɛɿɪ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɥɚɪɞɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɞɚԑɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ
ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɦɚɫɬɚɧ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɬɨɥɵԑɵɦɟɧ ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ. Ȼԝɥ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɧɵԙ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵɧɚ
ɠԥɧɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɞɚԑɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ԝɡɵɧɞɵԑɵɧɚ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ.
ɀɚɥɩɵ ɚɥԑɚɧɞɚ, ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɧɵԙ
ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿɧɿԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɥɵԕ ɲɚɦɚɥɚɪ.
ȼɟɤɬɨɪɥɵԕ ɲɚɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɚɬɨɦ ɹɞɪɨɫɵɧɚɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɬԧɦɟɧ ɚɬɨɦ ɹɞɪɨɫɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚɥԑɚɧ.
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ
ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ. ȼɟɤɬɨɪɥɚɪɞɵ
ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ԕɨɫɚɞɵ (ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɧɵԙ
ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɿ). Ԕɨɫɵɥɭ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵɧɚ ɛɚɣɥɚ
-
ɧɵɫɬɵ. Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɋɈ
2
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵ (ȺɈ sp ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɭɿ ɧԥɬɢ
-
ɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ) ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɫɵɡɵԕɬɵԕ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫԕɚ ɢɟ. ɋ=Ɉ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧɵԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɤԛɲɬɿ (ȝ
ɛɚɣɥ
.
= 9
10Ǧ
30
Ʉɥ
ɦ)
ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԑɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɦɚɫɬɚɧ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ
ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɋɈ
2
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɚɥԑɚɧɞɚ
ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ (ȝ
= 0).
Ɉɫɵ ɫɟɛɟɩɤɟ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵɥɵԑɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ
ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɞɵ ɋɇ
4
, CF
4
ɠԥɧɟ ɨɤɬɚɷɞɪɥɵԕ CF
6
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɵ
ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ. ɋɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɇ
–
Ɉ (ȝ
ɛɚɣɥ
.
= 5,26
10Ǧ
30
Ʉɥ
ɦ)
ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ 104°30' ɛԝɪɵɲɩɟɧ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ ɞɢɩɨɥɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɛɚɣɞɵ
ɠԥɧɟ ɇ
2
Ɉ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ (ȝ
= 6,1
10Ǧ
30
Ʉɥ
ɦ) ɛɨɥɵɩ
ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.