Стр. 87 - ДЛЯ ППС

87

Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:

ɋ

2

ɇ

4

ɠԥɧɟ ɋɈ

2

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɛɿɪ

V

–

ɠԥɧɟ ɛɿɪ

S

–

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɵ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ɛɿɪ

-

ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ԕɨɫ

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɩɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ: ɋɇ

2

=ɋɇ

2

, Ɉ=ɋ=Ɉ; ɚɥ N

2

ɦɨɥɟ

-

ɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɛɿɪ

V

–

(ɪ

ɯ

–

ɪ

ɯ

) ɠԥɧɟ ɟɤɿ

S

–

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ (ɪ

ɭ

–

ɪ

ɭ

, ɪ

z

–

ɪ

z

)

ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ, ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, ɚɡɨɬ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵ ԛɲ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɩɟɧ

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ.

V

–

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ

S

–

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧɵԙ

ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ ɬԧɦɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɤ ԕɚɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ.

Ⱥɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ԕɚɛɵɫɭɵ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ

ɛɚΕɵɬɵ

ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɫɨɧɵԙ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ

ɤɟΝɿɫɬɿɤɬɟɝɿ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ

(

ɝɟɨɦɟɬ

-

ɪɢɹɥɵΙ ɮɨɪɦɚ

) ɬԛɡɟɞɿ

.

ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɟɤɿ ɚɬɨɦɞɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ Ⱥȼ (H

2

, Cl

2

, HCl)

ɫɵɡɵԕɬɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɵ. Ⱥȼ

2

ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɤԧɩ ɚɬɨɦɞɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ

ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɫɵɡɵԕɬɵԕ; Ⱥȼ

3

–

ɬɪɢɝɨɧɚɥɞɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ

ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɵԕ; Ⱥȼ

4

–

ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɞɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɬɵ; Ⱥȼ

5

–

ɛɢɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɵԕ, Ⱥȼ

6

–

ɨɤɬɚɷɞɪɥɿɤ, Ⱥȼ

8

–

ɤɭɛ ɬԥɪɿɡɞɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.

Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɚԑɵ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ

ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ ɤɟԙɿɫɬɿɤɬɟ

ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ

ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ

ɛΡɪɵɲɬɚɪɦɟɧ

ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ.

Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɟԙɿɫɬɿɤɬɿɤ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵ ɛɚɪ ɿɲɤɿ ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɞɿ.

Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, NH

3

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ ɚɡɨɬ

ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ԛɲ ɪ

–

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԕɚɬɵɫɭɵɦɟɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ,

ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛԝɪɵɲ 90° ɬɟԙ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ ɟɞɿ,

ɛɿɪɚԕ 107°30' ɬɟԙ. Ȼԝɥ NH

3

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ N

–

ɇ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ

ɫɭɬɟɤ ɠԥɧɟ ɚɡɨɬɬɵԙ ɬɚɡɚ s

-

ɪ ȺɈ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɦɟɝɟɧɞɿɝɿɧ, ɨɧɵԙ

sɪ

3

-

ɝɢɛɪɢɞɬɟɥɝɟɧɞɿɝɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵɧɵԙ

ɬɟɛɿɥɭ ɤԛɲɿ ԥɫɟɪɿɧɟ ԝɲɵɪɚԑɚɧɞɵԑɵɧ ɛɿɥɞɿɪɟɞɿ.

ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ

Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵԑɵɧɵԙ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭ ɫɢɩɚɬɵɧɚ

ԕɚɪɚɣ ɨɥɚɪɞɵ

ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ

ɠԥɧɟ

ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ

ɞɟɩ ɛԧɥɟɞɿ.

ɉɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɚ

ɨԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɪɿɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ

ɚɭɵɪɥɵԕ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕɬɚɪɵ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ, ɨɥɚɪԑɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɪɢɹɥɵԕ

ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ (CH

4

, C

6

H

6

, CO

2

, BF

3

) ɠɚɬɚɞɵ.

ɉɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵΝ

ɛɿɪ ɛԧɥɿɝɿ ɨԙ, ɤɟɥɟɫɿɫɿ ɬɟɪɿɫ

ɡɚɪɹɞԕɚ ɢɟ, ɨɥɚɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵ ɟɦɟɫ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵԑɵ

ɛɿɪɤɟɥɤɿ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ (HF, H

2

O, NH

3

, C

6

H

5

OH).