Упрощенная HTML-версия
82
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ Ca ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɤԛɣɞɟ (4s
2
)
ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ, ɚɥ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɞɟ (4s
1
4p
1
) ɟɤɿɝɟ ɬɟԙ.
Ʉԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ d- ɠԥɧɟ f-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ԝɹɲɵԕɬɚɪɵɧɞɚ
ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ (Ɲ) ɠɨԕ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ.
Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ d- ɠԥɧɟ f- ԝɹɲɵԕɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ Ɲ
ɠԝɛɵɧ ɬԛɡɟ ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɵɦɟɧ
ɠɚɛɵɥԑɚɧ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɧɵԙ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ԕɚɛɚɬɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚ ɬԛɫɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɿɲɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ԝɹɲɵԑɵɧ ɚɲɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
Ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɬɟɦɿɪɞɿԙ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ (4s
2
3d
6
4p
0
)
ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ, ɚɥ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɚɥɬɵԑɚ (4s
1
3d
6
4p
1
) ɬɟԙ.
ɀԝɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ d-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɣɞɿ, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ, ԛɲɿɧɲɿ
ԕɚɛɚɬɬɚ ɛɨɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪ ɠɨԕ. Ʉɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ ɨɫɦɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɞɚ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ
ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɚɥɞɵɧԑɵ ԕɚɛɚɬɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ Ɲ
ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚɣɞɵ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɞɵ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɫɟɝɿɡɝɟ ɞɟɣɿɧ
ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɣɞɵ:
Os - 6s
2
5d
6
6p
0
5f
0
(ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ɤԛɣɿ, ȼ=0).
np n
n
n n
np
5d
5f
6s
6p
Os* - 6s
1
5d
5
6p
1
5f
1
(ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɿ, ȼ=8).
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
5d
5f
6s 6p
Ⱦɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɥɚɪԑɚ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ:
– ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠΡɛɵ ɛɿɪ ɚɬɨɦɧɵΝ (ɞɨɧɨɪ) ɛΫɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠΡɛɵ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɠΩɧɟ ɛɚɫΙɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵΝ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɢɨɧɧɵΝ
(ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ) ɛɨɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɬΟɡɿɥɟɞɿ
– ɚɬɨɦɧɵΝ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɠΡɩɬɚɫɩɚΕɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ-
ɧɵΝ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɫɚɧɵɦɟɧ ɠΩɧɟ ɞɨɧɨɪɥɵ-ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬΟɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɦɟɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɥɚɞɵ.