Упрощенная HTML-версия
68
HNO
3
+ NH
3
l
NH
4
+
+ NO
3
Ǧ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɧɟɝɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɧɟɝɿɡ
Ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɠԥɧɟ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɧ ɛɚɫԕɚ, ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵԕ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɞɚ
ɚɦɮɨ
-
ɥɢɬɬɟɪ
ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ⱥɦɮɨɥɢɬɬɟɪ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ ɛɟɪɟ ɚɥɚɬɵɧ,
ɫɨɧɞɚɣ
-
ɚԕ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɚɬɵɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɥɚɪԑɚ ɫɭ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɟɣɛɿɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɿ, ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ɬԝɡɞɚɪ, ɚɦɢɧԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵ ɠɚɬɚɞɵ. Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɫɭ ɤԛɲɬɿ ԕɵɲ
-
ԕɵɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɤɟɧɞɟ ɧɟɝɿɡ (1) ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɩɟɧ (2)
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɫԕɚɧɞɚ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
H
2
O + H
+
l
H
3
Ɉ
+
(1)
NH
3
+ H
2
O
l
NH
4
+
+ OH
í
(2)
Ȼɚɫԕɚ ɦɵɫɚɥ, ɇɋɈ
3
Ǧ
ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɬԝɡɞɚ
Na
ɇɋɈ
3
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɵɩ, ɤԧɦɿɪ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ ɛɟɪɿɩ – ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ – ɢɨɧԑɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ:
NaɇɋɈ
3
+ HCl
o
NaCl + H
2
ɋɈ
3
;
NaɇɋɈ
3
+ NaOH
o
Na
2
ɋɈ
3
+ H
2
Ɉ
Ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚԑɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɢɨɧԑɚ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɧɵԙ
ԕɨɫɵɥɭɵ
ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ
ɛԧɥɿɧɟɬɿɧ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵΙ
ɵɧɬɵΙɬɵɥɵΙɩɟɧ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
III
– Ʌɶɸɢɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ
(
ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿΝ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ) ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ:
¾
ΙɵɲΙɵɥ
– ɛԝɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵɧ ԕɨɫɵɩ ɚɥɭԑɚ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɬɿ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɢɨɧ;
¾
ɧɟɝɿɡ
– ɛԝɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵɧ ɛɟɪɭɝɟ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɢɨɧ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɮɬɨɪɢɞɿ ȺlF
3
– ɛԝɥ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ, ɛԝɥ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɚɦɢɢɚɤɩɟɧ (ɧɟɝɿɡɛɟɧ) ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɤɟɧɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵɧ
ԕɨɫɵɩ ɚɥɭԑɚ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɬɿ, ɞɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɩɟɧ ԧɧɿɦɞɿ
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ:
A1F
3
+ : NH
3
o
[A1F
3
] : [NH
3
]
Ʌɶɸɢɫ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵ – ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɚɪ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ɢɨɧɵ (Ag
+
, Fe
3+
), ɤɟɣɛɿɪ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɿ
(ɦɵɫɚɥɵ, SO
3
, SiO
2
), ɛɿɪɫɵɩɵɪɚ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ (AlCl
3
), ɫɨɧɞɚɣ
-
ɚԕ BF
3
,
Al
2
O
3
ɠɚɬɚɞɵ.