Упрощенная HTML-версия
67
x
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ
ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡ ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧԑɚɧɞɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ (Ɉɇ
Ǧ
)
ɩɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧ ɬԛɡɟɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ
:
NaɈɇ
o
Na
+
+
ɈɇǦ
Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɠԥɧɟ ɧɟɝɿɡ ɚɪɚ
-
ɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɧɵԙ
ɤԧɛɟɣɬɿɧɞɿɫɿ 10Ǧ
14
(ɫɭɞɵԙ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɤԧɛɟɣɬɿɧɞɿɫɿ) ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɚɪɬɵԕ
ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɚ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ. ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɤԛɲɬɿ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɛɟɧ
ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ, ɤԛɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡ – ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɦɟɧ,
ɚɥ ԥɥɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɧɟɝɿɡɛɟɧ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɩɟɣɞɿ.
Ȼɿɪɚԕ, Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ ɬɟɤ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ, ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿԙ
ɠԥɧɟ ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɭɞɚԑɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɦɟɧ ԑɚɧɚ ɲɟɤɬɟɥɟɞɿ, ɛԝɞɚɧ
ɛɚɫԕɚ ԕԝɪɚɦɵɧɞɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɬɨɩɬɚɪɵ ɠɨԕ ɚɦɢɢɚɤɬɵԙ, ɮɨɫɮɢɧɧɿԙ
ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɫԕɚ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɟ
ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ.
Ȼɪɟɧɫɬɟɞ ɠԥɧɟ Ʌɶɸɢɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɚɪɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɧɚԕɬɵɥɵ ɬԛɫɿɧɿɤɬɟɪɿɧ ɤɟԙɟɣɬɟɞɿ.
II -
Ȼɪɟɧɫɬɟɞ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
(
ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿΝ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵΙ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ):
x
ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ
ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɚɪ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɚɬɵɧ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪ;
x
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ
ɞɟɝɟɧɿɦɿɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɚɪɞɵ ԕɨɫɵɩ ɚɥɭԑɚ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɬɿ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪ.
Ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ – ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɞɿԙ ɦԥɧɿ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɧ
ɧɟɝɿɡɝɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ ɛɟɪɭ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ (
ɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
). ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ ɛɿɪɝɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ (Ⱥ
1
) ɧɟɝɿɡɝɟ (ȼ
2
) ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ
ɛɟɪɿɩ, ԧɡɿ ɧɟɝɿɡ (Ⱥ
2
) ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ, ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵ ԕɚɣɬɚ ԕɨɫɵɩ ɚɥɭɵ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧ, ɚɥ ɧɟɝɿɡ (ȼ
2
) ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɚɧԑɚɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɿ ɬԛɡɟ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ,
ԕɵɲԕɵɥ (ȼ
1
) ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ɉɫɵɥɚɣɲɚ, ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɪɟɤɟɬ
-
ɬɟɫɭɞɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ Ȼɪɟɧɫɬɟɞɬɿԙ ɿɥɟɫɩɟɥɟɪɿ ɞɟɩ
ɚɬɚɥɵɧɚɬɵɧ, ɟɤɿ ɠԝɛɵ ԕɚɬɵɫɚɞɵ:
Ⱥ
1
+ ȼ
2
l
Ⱥ
2
+ ȼ
1
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɚɡɨɬ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵɧɵԙ
ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɚɡɨɬ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɦɟɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɤɟɧɞɟ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ, ɨɫɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɟɤɿ ɿɥɟɫɩɟɥɿ (ԕɨɫɚɪɥɚɧԑɚɧ)
ɠԝɩɬɚɪ HNO
3
/ NO
3
Ǧ ɠԥɧɟ
NH
3
/ NH
4
+
ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ: