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– ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ Οɲɿɧ
:
ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɨɥɟ
-
ɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ (ɗ
n
Ǧ
–
ɇ
+
) ɉԤ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɬɟɤ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
)
ɨԙɚɣ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɫɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
1
-
ɦɵɫɚɥ:
LiOH ɠԥɧɟ CsɈɇ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫ
-
ɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɉԤ (Li
1+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ) > ɉԤ (Cs
1+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ), ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ
q (Li
1+
) = q (Cs
1+
)
r (Li
1+
) < r (Cs
1+
), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɧ
ɬԧɦɟɧ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ.
def
Ɲ
(Li
1+
) = def
Ɲ
(Cs
1+
), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɟɤɿ ɢɨɧ ɞɚ «ԕɚɬɬɵ».
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, CsɈɇ
-
ɬɚɧ Cs
1+
–
ɈǦ
2
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ ɨԙɚɣ ԛɡɿɥɿɩ, ɈɇǦ
-
ɢɨɧɵ ɤԧɛɿɪɟɤ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ. ɋԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, CsɈɇ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɿԙ
ɤԛɲɿ LiOH ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɟ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɚɪɬɵԕ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
Į (LiOH) < Į (CsɈɇ)
c (OHǦ) < c (OHǦ).
2-
ɦɵɫɚɥ:
Ⱥɡɨɬ (ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
) ɠԥɧɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ (ɇ
P
Ɉ
3
) ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵ
-
ɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɉԤ (
N
5+
–
O
2
Ǧ) > ɉԤ (
P
5+
–
O
2
Ǧ), ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ
q (N
5+
) = q (P
5+
)
r (N
5+
) < r (P
5+
), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɧ ɬԧɦɟɧ
ԕɚɪɚɣ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
-
ɬɚɧ
N
5+
–
O
2
Ǧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ ɨԙɚɣ ԛɡɿɥɿɩ, ɇ
+
-
ɢɨɧɵ ɤԧɛɿɪɟɤ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ. ɋԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵ
-
ɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɿ ɇ
P
Ɉ
3
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɚɪɬɵԕ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
Į (ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
) >
Į (ɇ
P
Ɉ
3
)
c (H
+
) > c (H
+
).
3-
ɦɵɫɚɥ
:
HI
ɠԥɧɟ ɇ
Cl
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵ
-
ɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɉԤ (ɇ
1+
–
I
1
Ǧ) < ɉԤ (ɇ
1+
–
Cl
1
Ǧ
),
ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ q [(
I
1
Ǧ)] = q [(
Cl
1
Ǧ)]
r (I
1
Ǧ) >
r (Cl
1
Ǧ), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɧ ɬԧɦɟɧ
ԕɚɪɚɣ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, H
I-
ɬɚɧ ɇ
1+
–
I
1
Ǧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ ɨԙɚɣ ԛɡɿɥɿɩ, ɇ
+
–
ɢɨɧɵ
ɤԧɛɿɪɟɤ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ. ɋԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, H
I
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɿ
ɇ
Cl
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɚɪɬɵԕ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
Į (ɇ
I
) > Į (ɇ
Cl)
c (H
+
) > c (H
+
)