Упрощенная HTML-версия
62
III ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ
-
ɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿɧ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɣɵԕ
:
NaOH
o
Mg(OH)
2
o
Al(OH)
3
o
H
2
SiO
3
o
H
3
PO
4
o
H
2
SO
4
o
HClO
4
ɋɨɥɞɚɧ ɨΝΕɚ Ιɚɪɚɣ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿΝ ɤΟɲɿ
p
,
ɨɤɫɨΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΝ ɤΟɲɿ
n
,
ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
: (
ɗ
n+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ
)
ɉԤ
n
, r
p
, q
n
,
ɗɌ
n
,
Ɇɟ
p
,
ɛ
/
Ɇɟ
n
x
(Ⱥ)
ɬɨɛɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɧ ɬԧɦɟɧ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵɧɵԙ (r) ɚɪɬɭɵɦɟɧ (ɗ
n+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ)
ɉԤ ԥɥɫɿɪɟɣɞɿ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɨɫɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɩɟɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɿ ɤԛɲɟɣɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɿ ԥɥɫɿɪɟɣɞɿ.
I A ɠΩɧɟ VII A ɬɨɩ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɿΝ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΙ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ΙɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧɿΝ Ϋɡɝɟɪɭɿɧ ΙɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɣɵΙ
:
I A: LiOH
o
NaOH
o
KOH
o
RbOH
o
CsOH
o
FrOH
VII A: HClO
4
o
HBrO
4
o
HIO
4
ɀɨΕɚɪɵɞɚɧ ɬΫɦɟɧ Ιɚɪɚɣ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿΝ ɤΟɲɿ
n
,
ɨɤɫɨΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΝ
ɤΟɲɿ
p
, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
:
ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ)
p
, r
n
, q = const, ɗɌ
p
, Ɇɟ
n
, ɛ/Ɇɟ
p
ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ ɦɟɧ ԕɵɲ
-
ԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ɤԧɩ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɞԝɪɵɫ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧ
-
ɞɵɥɚɭԑɚ ԥɤɟɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɥɟɪɦɟɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ
ɤɟɥɟɞɿ.
¾
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ɤΟɲɬɿ ɠɨΕɚɪɵ ɛɨɥΕɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
–
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵΝ
(
ɈɇǦ)
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɠɨΕɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ;
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚΕɵ
(ɗ
n+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ɉԤ
Ωɥɫɿɡ ɛɨɥΕɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɵ
(
ɈɇǦ),
ɨΝɚɣ ɛΫɥɿɩ ɲɵΕɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɠΩɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤ
-
ɫɢɞɬɿΝ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
¾
ΘɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΙ
ɤΟɲɬɿ ɠɨΕɚɪɵ ɛɨɥΕɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧ
-
ɞɿɞɟɝɿ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ
(ɇ
+
)
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɠɨΕɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ
;
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɵɧɞɚ ɨɬɬɟɤ ɛɚɪ (ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ) ɠԥɧɟ
ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɬɿɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɫɟɤ, ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣ ɨɪɵɧ
ɚɥɚɞɵ:
– ɨɤɫɨΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ Οɲɿɧ:
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ
(ɗ
n+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ɉԤ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɬɟɤ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
) ɨԙɚɣ ɛԧɥɿɩ
ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɚɫɵɦ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ;