Упрощенная HTML-версия
42
2.3
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɭ ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿ
Ʉԧɩ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɵɧ
ɬɨɥɬɵɪɭ ԛɲɿɧ
ɟΝ ɤɿɲɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɧ, ɏɭɧɞ ɠΩɧɟ Ʉɥɟɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ
ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿɧ
ɟɫɤɟɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ.
x
ȿΝ ɤɿɲɿ (ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶ) ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿ
:
ɚɬɨɦɞɚΕɵ ɷɥɟɤ
-
ɬɪɨɧɧɵΝ ɟΝ ɬΡɪɚΙɬɵ ɤΟɣɿɧɟ ɟΝ ɤɿɲɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦΩɧɿ ɛɚɪ ɤΟɣɿ
ɫΩɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ.
ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɚɥɞɵɦɟɧ ɟԙ ɤɿɲɿ ɦԥɧɞɟɝɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɚɛɚɬɬɚɪ
ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɫɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɤɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɞɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɭ ɟԙ ɬԧɦɟɧɝɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɦɟɧ ɛɚɫɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
x
ɄɥɟɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣɞɿΝ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿ:
n
ɦɟɧ
Ɛ
ɟԙ ɬԧɦɟɧɝɿ
ɦԥɧɿɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ
n + Ɛ
ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɵԙ ԧɫɭ ɪɟɬɿɦɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɬɿɧ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɥɟɪ ɦɟɧ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɥɟɪɞɟɧ ɛɚɫɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
x
ɄɥɟɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣɞɿΝ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿ:
ɟɝɟɪ ɟɤɿ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ Οɲɿɧ
(
n + Ɛ
)
ΙɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɵΝ ɦΩɧɿ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɤɟɡɟɤɬɟ
ɚɬɨɦɞɵΙ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɛɚɫ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵɧɵΝ
(n)
ɦΩɧɿ ɤɿɲɿɫɿɧɟɧ ɛɚɫɬɚɩ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɚɞɵ
.
Ʉɥɟɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣɞɿԙ ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵԙ ɚɪɬɚɬɵɧ ɛɚԑɵɬɵɧɞɚ (ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ
-
ɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɭ ɪɟɬɿ) ɦɵɧɚ ɬԛɪɞɟ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ:
1s
2
ĺ 2s
2
ĺ 2p
6
ĺ 3s
2
ĺ 3p
6
ĺ 4s
2
ĺ 3d
10
ĺ 4p
6
ĺ 5s
2
ĺ 4d
10
ĺ
5p
6
ĺ 6s
2
ĺ 4f
14
ĺ 5d
10
ĺ
6p
6
ĺ 7s
2
ĺ 5f
14
ĺ 6d
10
…
Ȼɿɪ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɧɿԙ ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɭɵ
ɏɭɧɞ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɟ
(1927
ɠ.) ɛɚԑɵɧɚɞɵ
:
ɛɿɪ ɞɟΝ
-
ɝɟɣɲɟɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ ΙɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɵΝ
ɦɨɞɭɥɿ (ɫɩɢɧ Ιɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵ) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ.
Ɉɫɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ
ɚɬɨɦ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ȼԝɥ ɟɪɟɠɟɝɟ ɫɚɣ, ɛɿɪ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟɝɿ (p, d, f) ȺɈ ɚɥɞɵɦɟɧ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɫɩɢɧɞɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ (Ɲ), ɫɨɞɚɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ ԕɚɪɚɦɚ
-
ԕɚɪɫɵ
ɫɩɢɧɞɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ (Ɲ) ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɤԛɣɿɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɪ
-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟɝɿ ԛɲ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɭɵ:
1)
p p p
2)
n n n
3)
p n p
4)
np n
1 ɦɟɧ 2 ɞԝɪɵɫ, ɚɥ 3 ɩɟɧ 4 ɞԝɪɵɫ ɟɦɟɫ.