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Ȼɚɫɬɚɩԕɵ ɟɤɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɫɩɢɧ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
~
–
1
/
2
–
1
/
2
–
1
/
2
~
=
3
/
2
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
~
+
1
/
2
+
1
/
2
+
1
/
2
~
=
3
/
2
,
ɚɥ ԛɲɿɧɲɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɬԧɪɬɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɦԥɧ
ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɣɞɵ:
~
–
1
/
2
+
1
/
2
–
1
/
2
~
=
1
/
2
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
~
+
1
/
2
–
1
/
2
+
1
/
2
~
=
1
/
2
.
Ⱦɟԙɝɟɣ, ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ ɠԥɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɿ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛԝɥɬɵɧɵԙ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ
ɚɬɨɦɧɵΝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ (
ɷɥɟɤ
-
ɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵ
–
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɿɤ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
ɠɚɡɵɥɚɞɵ).
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
ɚɡɨɬ ɚɬɨɦɵ ԛɲɿɧ
:
1)
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
2)
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵ
-
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɿɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ
:
pn
pn
n n n
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɞɚ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɚɪɚɛ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɿ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ.
s, p, d, f
ԥɪɿɩɬɟɪɿ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɧɿ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ,
ɚɥ ɤɿɲɿ ɚɪɚɛ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵ ԥɪɛɿɪ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɫɚɧɵɧɚ
ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ʉɟɣɛɿɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ (Cr, Cu ɠԥɧɟ ɬ.ɛ.) ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧ ɠɚɡɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ns–ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿɧɟɧ (n–
1)d
–
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ «ԕԝɥɚɭɵɧ» ɟɫɤɟɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ «ԕԝɥɚɭɵ» ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɷɥɟɤ
-
ɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɭԑɚ ԝɦɬɵɥɭɵɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬ
-
ɬɚɥɚɞɵ (
ɚɬɨɦ ɤΟɣɿ ɬɨɥɵΙɬɚɣ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɠɚɪɬɵɥɚɣ ɞɟΝɝɟɣ
-
ɲɟɥɟɪɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥɭɵ Ιɚɠɟɬ
).
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
ɯɪɨɦɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ 4s
2
3d
4
ɛɨɥɭ
ɤɟɪɟɤ, ɛɿɪɚԕ ɯɪɨɦɧɵԙ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿɧɞɟ 2Ɲ ɟɦɟɫ 1Ɲ ɛɚɪ,
ɫɟɛɟɛɿ 2
-
ɲɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ (n–
1)d
–ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿɧɟ «ɫɟɤɿɪɟɞɿ», ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɵ ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ: 4s
1
3d
5
. Ȼԝɥ
ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɬɢɿɦɞɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɫɨԙԑɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵɧɵԙ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɝɟ ɬԛɫɟɬɿɧɞɿɝɿɧɟ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ, ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿ
ɬΫɪɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ ΡɹɲɵΙΙɚ
ɛԧɥɟɞɿ. Ɉɫɵ ԝɹɲɵԕɬɚɪԑɚ ɠɚɬɚɬɵɧ