Стр. 40 - ДЛЯ ППС

40
2.2 ɼʵʲˑ˘˘˩ˌ ˖ʲˑʹʲ˕
Ⱥɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɿ ɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɤɜɚɧɬ-
ɬɵΙ ɫɚɧɞɚɪ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɬɨɦɞɚԑɵ ԥɪɛɿɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɬԧɪɬ
ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠɢɵɧɬɵԑɵɦɟɧ (ɛɚɫ n, ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ Ɛ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬ mƐ,
ɫɩɢɧ mS) ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
x Ȼɚɫ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵ (n) – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵΝ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɛΡɥɬɵɧɵΝ Ϋɥɲɟɦɿɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ: ɛɚɫ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵɧɵΝ ɦΩɧɿ ɠɨΕɚɪɵ
ɛɨɥΕɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɠΩɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛΡɥɬɬɚɪɵɧɵΝ
Ϋɥɲɟɦɿ ɫɨΕΡɪɥɵɦ ɠɨΕɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ȼɚɫ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧԧɦɿɪɿɧɟ ɬɟԙ, n = 1 y 7.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, n – ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɞɟΝɝɟɣ ɫɚɧɵɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɣɞɵ.
x Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵ (Ɛ) – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛΡɥɬɵɧɵΝ (ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɿΝ)
ɤɟΝɿɫɬɿɤɬɿɤ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɦɟɧ ɛɿɪ ɞɟΝɝɟɣɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɵΝ ɦΩɧɞɟɪɿɧɿΝ Ϋɡɝɟɲɟɥɿɝɿɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, s-ȺɈ ɲɚɪ ɩɿɲɿɧɞɿ, p-ȺɈ ɫɨɡɵɥԑɚɧ ɫɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɩɿɲɿɧɞɿ
(ɝɚɧɬɟɥɶ ɬԥɪɿɡɞɿ), d–ȺɈ ɬԧɪɬ ɠɚɩɵɪɚԕ ɩɿɲɿɧɞɿ (ɟɤɿ ɚɣԕɚɫԕɚɧ ɝɚɧɬɟɥɶ
ɬԥɪɿɡɞɿ), f–ȺɈ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ɩɿɲɿɧɞɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪ
ɩɿɲɿɧɿɧɿԙ ɤԛɪɞɟɥɟɧɟ ɬԛɫɭɿɦɟɧ ȺɈ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ԧɫɟɞɿ.
Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵ (Ɛ) ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɥɟɪ ɫɚɧɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɦɵɧɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɞɿ: Ɛ = n – 1, ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ Ɛ = 0 y 3:
Ɛ=0 s – ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ ɫɚɧɵ = 1;
Ɛ=1 p – ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ ɫɚɧɵ = 2;
Ɛ=2 d – ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ ɫɚɧɵ = 3;
Ɛ=3 f – ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ ɫɚɧɵ = 4.
Ɉɫɵ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɥɟɪɞɟ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ, ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, s-, p-,
d-, f-ȺɈ ɬԛɡɟɬɿɧ s-, p-, d-, f-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ⱦɟɦɟɤ,
Ɛ – ɞɟΝɝɟɣɲɟ ɫɚɧɵɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɣɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ: ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɿԙ p– ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿ ԛɲɿɧ n = 2, Ɛ = 1.
x Ɇɚɝɧɢɬ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵ (mƐ) – ɤɟΝɿɫɬɿɤɬɟɝɿ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɞɵΝ
ɛɚΕɵɬɵɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ.
Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵɧɵԙ ( Ɛ) ԥɪɛɿɪ ɦԥɧɿɧɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɚɧɵ
ɦԥɧɿɧɿԙ ɠɢɵɧɬɵԑɵ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɹԑɧɢ mƐ ɫɚɧ ɦԥɧɿɧɟ ɬɟԙ, ԥɪɛɿɪ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ
ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɫɚɧɵɧɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ «– Ɛ » ɞɚɧ «+ Ɛ»
ɞɟɣɿɧɝɿ, ɧԧɥɞɿ ԕɨɫɚ ɚɥԑɚɧɞɚ ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɛԛɬɿɧ ɫɚɧ ɦԥɧɿɧ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɣɞɵ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɫɚɧɵ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ ɬɟԙ: ¦ mƐ = 2 ˜ Ɛ + 1
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɬɿɤ ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ (ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ)
ԝɹɲɵԕɬɚɪ (<) ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ ɤɟɫɤɿɧɞɟɥɟɞɿ.
Ⱦɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɥɟɪɞɿԙ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɣɬɵɧ ɦԥɧɞɟɪɿ:
Ɛ=0 ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ 1 ȺɈ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ; mƐ ɦԥɧɿ : 0.