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Ⱦɟԙɝɟɣɥɟɪɞɿ ɹɞɪɨɞɚɧ ɛɚɫɬɚɩ (1
-
ɞɟɧ 7
-
ɞɟɣɿɧ) ɧԧɦɿɪɥɟɣɞɿ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɥɚɬɵɧ ɛɚɫ ԥɪɿɩɬɟɪɿɦɟɧ: Ʉ, L, M, N, O, P, Q ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɧɟɞɿ.
n ɦԥɧɿ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ⱦɟԙɝɟɣɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɧɭɿ K L M N O P Q
Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɵԙ ԧɥɲɟɦɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɞɟΝɝɟɣɥɟɪ
(n) ɫɚɧɵ ɨɫɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧԧɦɿɪɿɧɟ ɬɟԙ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
Mg
24
12
– III ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ; ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, ɦɚɝɧɢɣ
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ 12 Ɲ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ԛɲ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ ɚɣɧɚ
-
ɥɚɞɵ;
Ba
137
56
– VI ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ; ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, ɛɚɪɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ
56
Ɲ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɚɥɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ԥɪɛɿɪ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣ (ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿɞɟɧ ɛɚɫԕɚɫɵ) ɞɟԙɝɟɣ
-
ɲɟɥɟɪɝɟ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɞɿ, ɛԝɥ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɧɟɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɥɚɪɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɟɪɟɤ
-
ɲɟɥɟɧɟɬɿɧ, ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɞɟԙɝɟɣ ɬԛɡɟɬɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ.
Ⱦɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɥɟɪ ɥɚɬɵɧɧɵԙ
s, p, d, f
ɤɿɲɿ ԥɪɿɩɬɟɪɿɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿ
-
ɥɟɧɟɞɿ. Ԥɪɛɿɪ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ
ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɵԙ (ȺɈ)
ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ
ɫɚɧɵɧɚɧ ɬΡɪɚɞɵ
:
s
ԛɲɿɧ – 1ȺɈ,
p
– 3ȺɈ,
d
– 5ȺɈ ɠԥɧɟ
f
– 7ȺɈ;
ɛԝɥ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɛɿɪ ȺɈ
-
ɞɚ ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɧ ɚɪɬɵԕ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛɨɥɭɵ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧ ɟɦɟɫ.
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ
ɫɚɧɵ
ɚɹΙɬɚɥΕɚɧ ɞɟΝɝɟɣɿ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. ɋɵɪɬԕɵ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɿԙ ɚɹԕ
-
ɬɚɥɭɵ ԛɲɿɧ 8 Ɲ (n=1 ԛɲɿɧ 2 Ɲ ) ԕɚɠɟɬ.
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ (
N
Ɲ
) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɫɚɧɵ
ɦɵɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ:
N
Ɲ
= 2n
2
, ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
n
–
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧԧɦɿɪɿ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
n = 1, N
Ɲ
= 2 (s
2
);
n = 2, N
Ɲ
= 8 (s
2
p
6
);
n = 3, N
Ɲ
= 18 (s
2
p
6
d
10
);
n = 4 (5,6,7), N
Ɲ
= 32 (s
2
p
6
d
10
f
14
), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɛɚɪɥɵԑɵ ɬԧɪɬ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ ɛɚɪ.