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Ⱦɟɦɟɤ,
ɬɨɥΙɵɧɞɵΙ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
–
Οɲ Ϋɥɲɟɦɞɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵΙ
ɬɨɥΙɵɧɧɵΝ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚɫɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɤɟΝɿɫɬɿɤɬɿΝ ɛɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ
ɚɣɦɚΕɵɧɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵΝ ɛɨɥɭ ɵΙɬɢɦɚɥɞɵΕɵɧɵΝ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚɫɵ.
ȼ. Ƚɟɣɡɟɧɛɟɪɝ
(1927 ɠ.) ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɦɚԑɚɧɞɵԕ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɟ
ɚɥɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ:
ɦɢɤɪɨɛΫɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɞɿΝ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɵ ɦɟɧ ΙɨɡΕɚɥɵɫ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɿɧ ɭɚΙɵɬɬɵΝ ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɫΩɬɿɧɞɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɬɿ ɞΩɥɞɿɤɩɟɧ
ɚɧɵΙɬɚɭ ɦΟɦɤɿɧ ɟɦɟɫ
ɟɤɟɧɞɿɝɿɧ ɚɣɬɬɵ:
m2
h
x
S
tX''
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
ǻ
x
– ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɧɵԙ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɦɚԑɚɧɞɵԑɵ
,
ǻ
X
–
ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԕɬɵ ԧɥɲɟɭ ԕɚɬɟɥɿɝɿ
.
Ɉɥɚɣ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ ɦɨɞɟɥɿɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɟɤɿ
ɠɚԕɬɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɛɿɪ ɭɚԕɵɬɬɚ ɬɨɥԕɵɧɞɚɪ (ɬɨɥԕɵɧ ԝɡɵɧɞɵԑɵɦɟɧ,
ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɠɢɿɥɿɤɩɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ) ɦɟɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɞɿԙ
(ɬɵɧɵɲɬɵԕ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧɚ ɢɟ) ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟ ɚɥɚɞɵ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɹɞɪɨɧɵ ɚɣɧɚɥɚ ɠԛɪɿɩ, ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ, ɬɟɤ ɨɧɵԙ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɵɧɵԙ ɵԕɬɢɦɚɥ ɨɪɧɵɧ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɬɵɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛΡɥɬɬɚɪɵɧ
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɛԝɥɬɵ
–
ɚɬɨɦɞɚΕɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵΝ ɤΟɣɿɧ (ΙɨɡΕɚ
-
ɥɵɫɵɧ) ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɬɵɧ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵΙ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ.
Ɉɫɵ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶɝɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɠɵɥɞɚɦ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɚɬɵɧ (10
6
–
10
7
ɦ/ɫ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɲɟɤɬɟɥɝɟɧ ԧɥɲɟɦɿɧɞɟɝɿ (ɛԝɥɬɬɵԙ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵ
ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵԑɵ ɛɿɪɤɟɥɤɿ ɟɦɟɫ) ɤɟԙɿɫɬɿɤɬɿԙ ɤɟɡ
ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɧԛɤɬɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɵ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ.
Ȼɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵΝ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭ ɵΙɬɢɦɚɥɞɵΕɵɧɵΝ ɛɚɫɵɦ
ɛΫɥɿɝɿ
(
a
90%)
ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ (ȺɈ)
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. ɋɭɬɟɤ
ɚɬɨɦɵ
( )
ԛɲɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭ ɵԕɬɢɦɚɥɞɵԑɵ –
ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɲɚɪɬɬɵ ɬԛɪɞɟɝɿ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɬɵɧ ɹɞɪɨɞɚɧ
0,053 ɧɦ ԕɚɲɵԕɬɵԕ. Ȼɚɫԕɚ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ԛɲɿɧ ɲɚɪɬɬɵ ɬԛɪɞɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɨɪɧɚ
-
ɥɚɫɭɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɬɿɧ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɧԑɚɧ.
əɞɪɨɞɚɧ ԥɪɬԛɪɥɿ ԕɚɲɵԕɬɵԕɬɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ
ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɿɧɟ ɫɚɣ ɤɟɥɟɬɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ԕɚɛɚɬ
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɨɥɚɪɞɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɞɟΝɝɟɣɥɟɪ
(n)
ɞɟɩ ɬɟ
ɚɬɚɣɞɵ.