Упрощенная HTML-версия
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ȺɬɨɦɧɵΝ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵΙ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɿ ɦɟɧ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵɧ ɡɟɪɬ
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ɬɟɣɬɿɧ ɚɬɨɦ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵɧɵԙ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ
-
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ
ԕɚɡɿɪɝɿ ɤɟɡɞɟɝɿ ɞɚɦɭɵɧɚ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɟɧ Ⱥ. ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧɧɿԙ, Ʌɭɢ ɞɟ
Ȼɪɨɣɥɞɿԙ, ȼ. Ƚɟɣɡɟɧɛɟɪɝɬɿԙ, ɗ. ɒɪɟɞɢɧɝɟɪɞɿԙ ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɵ ԛɥɟɫ
ԕɨɫɬɵ.
Ⱥ. ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ
(1905 ɠ.) ɠɚɪɵԕɬɵԙ ɟɤɿ ɠɚԕɬɵɥɵԕ ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵɧ
ɛɨɥɠɚɣ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ԥɪɛɿɪ ɫԥɭɥɟɥɟɧɭɞɟ ɮɨɬɨɧɞɚɪ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɤɜɚɧɬ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ɥɟɝɿ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɞɵԑɵɧ ɚɣɬɬɵ.
Ʉɟɣɿɧɿɪɟɤ
Ʌɭɢ ɞɟ Ȼɪɨɣɥɶ
(1924 ɠ.) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ
ɮɨɬɨɧɞɚɪ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɨɪɧɚɬɬɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɟɡ
ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɿԙ ɬɨɥԕɵɧ ԝɡɵɧɞɵԑɵɧ (
O
), ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ (
m
) ɦɟɧ ɠɵɥ
-
ɞɚɦɞɵԑɵɧ (
X
) ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɚɬɵɧ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɧ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɞɵ:
X
O
m
m
ɗ. ɒɪɟɞɢɧɝɟɪ
(1926 ɠ.) ɞɟ Ȼɪɨɣɥɶɞɿԙ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɫɵ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɞɟ
ɚɬɨɦɞɚԑɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɿɧɿԙ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵɧ
ԕɨɪɵɬɵɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɞɵ:
0 )UE(
m8
h
2
2
2
\
\
S
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɦԛɲɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
y
x
w
\w
w
\w
w
\w
\
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
x
,
y
,
z
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɥɚɪɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
\
ɬɨɥԕɵɧɞɵԕ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɪɟɬɬɿ ɬɭɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɵԙ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵ;
m
–
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ;
h
– ɉɥɚɧɤ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵɫɵ;
U
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɵԕ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ;
E
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ.
ɌɨɥΙɵɧɞɵΙ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɧɵΝ
\
(x, y, z)
ɮɢɡɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɦΩɧɿ
– ɨɫɵ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ
[
\
(x, y, z)]
2
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɟԙɿɫɬɿɤɬɟɝɿ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɬɚɪɵ
x, y, z
ɧԛɤɬɟɥɟɪɿɧɞɟ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭ ɵԕɬɢɦɚɥɞɵԑɵɧɚ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥ.