Стр. 399 - ДЛЯ ППС

Упрощенная HTML-версия

399
ɒɟɲɭɿ:
Ɉɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ,
ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ – ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ (ɇ
+
) ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ,
ɞɟɦɟɤ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
–Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ
ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
) ɠɟԙɿɥ ԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ ԕɵɲ
-
ԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧɟ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪ
-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɞɵ.
ɇNɈ
3
ɠԥɧɟ ɇNɈ
2
ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ (Į) ɠԥɧɟ ɌȻ
ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɤԧɪɫɟ
-
ɬɿɥɝɟɧ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ:
ɉԤ
(N
5+
O
2
Ǧ) > ɉԤ
(N
3+
O
2
Ǧ), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
q (N
5+
) > q (N
3+
)
r (N
5+
) < r (N
3+
)
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɧɵɧɵԙ ɤɟɦɭɿɦɟɧ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɚɡɚɹɞɵ.
Ɉɫɵɞɚɧ ɲɵԑɚɬɵɧɵ, ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
– ɬɟ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
)
ɠɟԙɿɥ
ԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ
,
ɞɟɦɟɤ, ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɿ ɇ
N
Ɉ
2
-
ɞɟ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ
ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ
:
Į (ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
) > Į (ɇ
N
Ɉ
2
)
c (H
+
) > c (H
+
)
əԑɧɢ, ɌȻ (ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
) > ɌȻ (ɇ
N
Ɉ
2
).
3
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɥɟɪɿ
(ɉԤ) ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɇ
Cl
ɠԥɧɟ
HBr
ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ (ɌȻ) ɦɟɧ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ:
Ɉɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ
ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ – ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ (ɇ
+
) ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ
ɤԧɛɿɪɟɤ; ɞɟɦɟɤ, ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɉԤ
+
–ɗ
n
Ǧ) ԥɥɫɿɡ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
) ɠɟԙɿɥ ԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ
ɨɫɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɟɞɿ.
Ɉɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧɟ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɞɵ.
ɇ
Cl
ɠԥɧɟ
HBr
ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ (Į) ɠԥɧɟ ɌȻ
ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԛɲɿɧ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ:
ɉԤ (ɇ
1+
Cl
1
Ǧ) > ɉԤ (ɇ
1+
Br
1
Ǧ), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
q [Cl
1
Ǧ] = q [
Br
1
Ǧ] ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
;
r (Cl
1
Ǧ) < r (
Br
1
Ǧ) ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɧ ɬԧɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ
ɚɪɬɚɞɵ.