Упрощенная HTML-версия
398
Ԧɡɿɧ
-
ԧɡɿ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɭɞɵԙ ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚɥɚɪɵ
1
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɥɟɪɿ
ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ
NaOH
ɠԥɧɟ CsɈɇ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɥɿɝɿɧ (ɌȻ) ɠԥɧɟ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ:
ɂɨɧɞɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɥɟɪ
(ɉԤ) ɤԛɲɟɣɟɞɿ: ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɡɚɪɹɞɵɧɵԙ ɦɨɞɭɥɿ (q ) ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
ɚɪɬԕɚɧɞɚ
,
ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɬɚɪɵ ɤɟɦɿɝɟɧɞɟ (r ) ɠԥɧɟ ɢɨɧɧɵԙ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ԕɚɛɚɬɵɧɵԙ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɚɪɬԕɚɧɞɚ (def
Ɲ
).
ɉΨ ɞΩɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɛɚΕɚɥɚɭɞɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪ Οɲɿɧ ɛɚɪɥɵΙ Οɲ
ɛɚΕɵɬɬɵ ɟɫɤɟɪɭ Ιɚɠɟɬ: ɡɚɪɹɞɵɧ, ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵɧ ɠΩɧɟ ɢɨɧɧɵΝ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɥɚΕɵɲɬɵΕɵɧ, ɚɥ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪ Οɲɿɧ (ɨɥɚɪɞɵΝ ɚɫɚ
ɬɵΕɵɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ Ιɚɛɚɬɵ ɬΟɪɿɧɞɟ) ɢɨɧɧɵΝ ɬɟɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ ɦɟɧ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵɧ.
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ ɤԛɲɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ – ɢɨɧɧɵԙ (ɈɇǦ) ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɤԧɛɿɪɟɤ, ɞɟɦɟɤ,
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
–Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ԥɥɫɿɡ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ,
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɵ (ɈɇǦ) ɠɟԙɿɥ ԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ ɤԛɲɬɿɪɟɤ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɟɞɿ. ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ ɤԛɲɿɧɟ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɞɵ.
NaOH ɠԥɧɟ CsɈɇ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ (Į) ɠԥɧɟ ɌȻ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ
ԛɲɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ
ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ:
ɉԤ
(Na
1+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ) > ɉȼ (Cs
1+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ), ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ
q (Na
1+
) = q (Cs
1+
)
r (Na
1+
) < r (Cs
1+
)
ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚɧ ɬԧɦɟɧ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ԧɫɟɞɿ;
def
Ɲ
(Na
1+
) § def
Ɲ
(Cs
1+
)
ɟɤɿ ɢɨɧɞɚ «ԕɚɬɬɵ».
Ɉɫɵɞɚɧ ɲɵԑɚɬɵɧɵ
,
CsɈɇ
-
ɬɚ ɈɇǦ ɢɨɧɵ ɠɟԙɿɥ ԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ
,
ɞɟɦɟɤ,
CsɈɇ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɿԙ ɤԛɲɿ
NaOH
ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ
:
Į (
Na
OH) < Į (CsɈɇ)
c (OHǦ) < c (OHǦ)
ɋɨԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɌȻ
(Na
OH) < ɌȻ (CsɈɇ).
2
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿ ɬԝɪ
-
ԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɇ
N
Ɉ
3
ɠԥɧɟ ɇ
N
Ɉ
2
ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧ (ɌȻ) ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.