Упрощенная HTML-версия
400
Ɉɫɵɞɚɧ ɲɵԑɚɬɵɧɵ,
HBr-
ɞɚ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
)
ɠɟԙɿɥ ԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ
ɞɟɦɟɤ,
HBr
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɿ ɇ
Cl-
ԑɚ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
Į (ɇ
Br
) > Į (ɇ
Cl)
c (H
+
) > c (H
+
)
əԑɧɢ, ɌȻ (ɇ
Br
) < ɌȻ (ɇ
Cl).
4
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ (ɉԤ)
ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ BaCO
3
ɠԥɧɟ
BaSO
4
ɬԝɡɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤ
-
ɬɿɝɿɧ (ɌȻ) ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ
:
Ɍԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧ ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣ
-
ɥɚɪɞɚ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ: ɟɝɟɪ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ,
ɛɿɪɚԕ ɬԛɪɥɿ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ, ɛɿɪɚԕ ɬԛɪɥɿ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ, ԕɵɲԕɵɥ
-
ɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ, ɚɥ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ԝɫɵɧɵɥԑɚɧ
ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ. Ԕɵɲԕɵɥ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɧɟɝɿɡ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɨɫɵ ɬԝɡɞɵԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ԝɫɵɧɵɥԑɚɧ BaCO
3
ɠԥɧɟ
BaSO
4
ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ,
ɬԛɪɥɿ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɚɥɞɵɦɟɧ, ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɨɤɫɨ
-
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ ɇ
2
CO
3
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɇ
2
SO
4
ɤԛɲɬɿɪɟɤ ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɦɵɡ.
Ɉɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɦɵɡ.
ɉԤ (ɋ
4+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ) < ɉԤ (S
6+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ), ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
q (C
4+
) < q (S
6+
)
r (C
4+
)
ɠԥɧɟ
r(S
6+
)
ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ, ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ
ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɪɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɨɩɬɚɪɵ ԥɪɬԛɪɥɿ.
Ɉɫɵɞɚɧ: Į (ɇ
2
CO
3
) < Į (ɇ
2
SO
4
).
Ⱦɟɦɟɤ: ɌȻ
(BaSO
4
) > ɌȻ
(BaCO
3
),
ɹԑɧɢ,
Ɍ
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ
( BaSO
4
)
> Ɍ
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ
( BaCO
3
)
2BaSO
4
2BaO + 2SO
2
+ O
2
(
Ɍ
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ
= 1580
0
);
BaCO
3
BaO + CO
2
(
Ɍ
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ
= 1000
0
).
5
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ
ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ PbCO
3
ɠԥɧɟ
CaCO
3
ɬԝɡɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤ
-
ɬɿɝɿɧ (ɌȻ) ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɵԙɵɡ.