Упрощенная HTML-версия
392
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ, ɹԑɧɢ
3s
2
3ɪ
2
.
ȼɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɨɪɛɢ
-
ɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɞɵ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɭɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ
-
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɿɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ:
3s
2
3ɪ
2
3d
0
3ɪ
-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɏɭɧɞ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɞɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɫɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ: ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɫɩɢɧɿ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɞɵ ɦԥɧɝɟ ɢɟ. Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɤԛɣ
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ
ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ. Ɉɫɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ 2
-
ɝɟ ɬɟԙ
(
ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɧɵ 2
-
ɝɟ ɬɟԙ
).
ɀԝɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɨɫ ɚɬɨɦɞɵԕ
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧɞɚ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɝɟ ɚɭɵɫɭɵ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧ.
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɠԝɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ
3s
2
ɠԥɧɟ ɛɿɪ ɛɨɫ 3ɪ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɵ
ɛɚɪ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɲɵԑɵɧɵ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɫɵɪɬɬɚɧ
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ
3s
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɛɿɪɿ ɠɿɛɟɪɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ 3ɪ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶԑɚ ɫɟɤɿɪɟɞɿ.
3s
1
3ɪ
3
3d
0
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɤɨɧɮɢ
-
ɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ
1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
6
3s
1
3ɪ
3
ɨɧɵԙ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɿɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ. Ȼԝɥ
ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ 4
-
ɤɟ ɞɟɣɿɧ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ
(
ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɧɵ 4
-
ɤɟ ɬɟԙ
).
3
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
Ⱥɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ
ɏɪɨɦ (
Cr)
ɪɟɬɬɿɤ ɧԧɦɟɪɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɬɵԕ ɠԛɣɟɞɟɝɿ ɨɪɧɵɧ
ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟԙɿɡ. Ɉɫɵ ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɫɨԙԑɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ԛɲɿɧ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɬԧɪɬ
ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɦԥɧɞɟɪɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿԙɿɡ. Ɍԛɫɿɧɿɤ ɛɟɪɿԙɿɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ:
ɏɪɨɦ
(
Cr)
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɪɟɬɬɿɤ ɧԧɦɟɪɿ 24
-
ɤɟ
ɬɟԙ. Ⱦɟɦɟɤ,
Cr
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɞɚ 24 ɩɪɨɬɨɧ, ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ 24 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɞɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɫɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɯɪɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ Cr ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɠɚɡɚɦɵɡ:
1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
6
3s
2
3ɪ
6
4s
1
3d
5
. Cr
ԛɲɿɧ ɬԧɦɟɧ
4s
1
– ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿɧɟɧ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ 3
d -
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ «ɫɟɤɿɪɿɦɿ» ɛɚɣԕɚɥɚɞɵ, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ
ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ
(ɨɪɧɵɧɚ …4
s
2
3d
4
).
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɞɚɧ ɤԧɪɿɧɟɬɿɧɿ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ: