Упрощенная HTML-версия
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1 ɦɨɥɶ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ ɬɚɛɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɛɿɪ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵɫɵɧɚ ɤԧɛɟɣɬɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ (13
-
ԕɨɫɵɦ
-
ɲɚɧɵ ԕɚɪɚԙɵɡ).
ȿ =
4,0 10
Ǧ
22
6,02 10
23
= 2,4 10
2
ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
2
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ «
Si
» ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ
ɠԥɧɟ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵ
-
ɝɪɚɮɢ
-
ɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧ ԕԝɪɵԙɵɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ
:
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɬɵԕ ɠԛɣɟ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
Si
– ɛԝɥ ԛɲɿɧɲɿ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɬɵԙ ɬԧɪɬɿɧɲɿ ɬɨɛɵɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ɬɨɩɲɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ.
Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, ɨɧɵԙ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ԛɲ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɝɟ
ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ, ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɛɚɫ ɤɜɚɧɬɬɵԕ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɦԥɧɞɟɪɿɦɟɧ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ:
n = 1, n = 2, n = 3.
Ɉɥɚɪԑɚ ɦɵɧɚ ԥɪɿɩɬɿɤ
ɬɚԙɛɚɥɚɧɭɥɚɪ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ:
K, L, M.
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɫɚɧɵ ɨɧɵԙ ɪɟɬɬɿɤ ɧԧɦɟɪɿɧɟ
14-
ɤɟ ɬɟԙ. Ȼɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ
(n = 1; l = 0)
ɟɤɿ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ, ɬɟɤ ɛɿɪ
s
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ.
1s
2
ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ
ɠɚɡɵɥɚɞɵ
.
ȿɤɿɧɲɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ
(n = 2; l = 0, 1)
ɟɤɿ
s-
ɠԥɧɟ ɪ
-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɥɟɪ ɛɚɪ
. s-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ 2 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, ɚɥ ɪ
-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ
ɚɥɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ.
2s
2
2ɪ
6
ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ ɠɚɡɵɥɚɞɵ
.
Ԛɲɿɧɲɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ
(n = 3; l = 0, 1, 2)
ԛɲ
s-
, ɪ
-
ɠԥɧɟ
d-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟ
. s-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ 2 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, ɪ
–
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ ɚɥɬɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, ɚɥ
d-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɞɟ 10 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ. Ԛɲɿɧɲɿ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɿ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɬɨɥɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɧɵ 18, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɧɿԙ ɪɟɬɬɿɤ ɧԧɦɟɪɿɧɟɧ ɚɪɬɵԕ. Ɉɫɵ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɫɚɧɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɫɚɧɵɧɵԙ
ɠԥɧɟ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ
14
–
(2 +
8) = 4
ɚɣɵɪɦɚɲɵɥɵԕɬɚɪɵ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɦɵɡ. Ⱦɟɦɟɤ,
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵ
ԛɲɿɧ ԛɲɿɧɲɿ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ
3d-
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɲɟɫɿ ɬɨɥɦɚԑɚɧ, ɛɚɪɥɵԑɵ ɬԧɪɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ԑɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɬɢɿɫ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɞɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɫɵɧɚ
ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɛԝɥ
3s
2
3ɪ
2
.
ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ
Si
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ
: 1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
6
3s
2
3ɪ
2
. Si
ɚɬɨɦɵ ɨԙ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ
Si
(+14)
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ.
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ԛɲɿɧɲɿ (ɫɵɪɬԕɵ) ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɿԙ