Упрощенная HTML-версия
274
ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ (CH
4
, C
6
H
6
, CO
2
,
BeCl
2
, BF
3
, N
2
ɠԥɧɟ ɬ.ɛ.) ɠɚɬɚɞɵ.
ɉɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɿɪ ɛԧɥɿɝɿ ɨԙ, ɤɟɥɟɫɿɫɿ ɬɟɪɿɫ
ɡɚɪɹɞԕɚ ɢɟ, ɨɥɚɪ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵ ɟɦɟɫ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵԑɵ
ɛɿɪɤɟɥɤɿ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ (HF, H
2
O, NH
3
, H
2
S, CH
3
Cl,
C
6
H
5
OH ɠԥɧɟ ɬ.ɛ.) ɠɚɬɚɞɵ.
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɨɧɵԙ ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɝɿɧɟ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɞɿ.
Ȼɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ
ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɵ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɝɟ ɠɚɬɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲɬɟ ɠɚԕɫɵ ɟɪɢɞɿ, ɚɥ ɤɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ, ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ
ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ
ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡɝɟ ɠɚɬɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲɬɟ ɠɚԕɫɵ ɟɪɢɞɿ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɿɧɿԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵ NaCl
ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲɬɟ – ɫɭɞɚ ɇ
2
Ɉ ɠɚԕɫɵ ɟɪɢɞɿ, ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲɬɟ –
ɬԧɪɬɯɥɨɪɥɵ ɤԧɦɿɪɬɟɤɬɟ ɋɋl
4
ɛɪɨɦɧɵԙ Br
2
ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵ
ɟɪɢɞɿ. Ȼԝɥ ɟɪɭ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɞɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ԝԕɫɚɫɬɵԑɵɧɚɧ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ, ɹԑɧɢ, ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ
ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿɧɟ ɠԥɧɟ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲ ɠԥɧɟ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɤԛɲɿɧɟ ɠɚԕɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɞɚɪ (ɢɨɧɞɚɪ) ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɫɢɩɚɬɵɧ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵΙ Ωɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ
ɤΟɲɿɦɟɧ
(ɉԤ)
ɛɚԑɚɥɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. ɂɨɧɞɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɉԤ ԧɫɭɿ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ԧɪɿɫɿɧ ɤԛɲɟɣɬɟɞɿ, ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɹɞɪɨɥɚɪɵ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɚɪɚԕɚɲɵԕɬɵԕɬɵ ɤɿɲɿɪɟɣɬɟɞɿ, ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧ ɚɪɬɬɵɪɚɞɵ, ɨɧɵԙ ɫɢɩɚɬɵɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ԛɥɟɫɿ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɠԥɧɟ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɮɢɡɢɤɚɥɵԕ
-
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ԛɥɟɫɬɿԙ
ɤɟɦɭɿ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ԧɡɝɟɪɬɟɞɿ. Ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɬԛɫɿ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ,
ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɦɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɤ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɥԕɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵ ɛɿɪɞɟɧ ɬԧɦɟɧɞɟɣɞɿ.
Ʉԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ԕɚɣɬɵɦɫɵɡ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ
ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿɦɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ. Ȼԝɥ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚ
-
ɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɪɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ (ɉԤ) ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿɥɟɞɿ: ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɉԤ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɥɿɝɿ
ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ԕɚɲɚɧɞɚ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɚɪɬԕɚɧ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚɥɚɬɵɧɵɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɟ
ɨɬɵɪɵɩ: ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ
ԕɚɲɚɧɞɚ ԧɧɿɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ ɚɡ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɬɢɿɫ.