Упрощенная HTML-версия
273
ɛԝɥ ɚɬɨɦ ɛɟɣɬɚɪɚɩ ɢɨɧԑɚ, ɚɥ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɚɬɨɦ
–
ɨԙ ɢɨɧԑɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
NaCl, KBr (LiCl, BeCl
2
ԕɨɫɩɚԑɚɧɞɚ).
ȾɨɧɨɪɥɵΙ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵΙ (ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɵΙ) ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
–
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɚΕɵ ɞɨɧɨɪɥɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɚɤɰɟɩ
-
ɬɨɪɥɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ
.
Ȼɿɪ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ɬɨɛɵɧɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɵԕ ɠԝɛɵ (ɞɨɧɨɪɵ) ɛɚɪ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɨɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɵ
(ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ) ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
Na
2
[Zn(OH)
4
] (Zn
2+
–
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ, OHǦ
–
ɞɨɧɨɪɥɚɪɵ).
ɋɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
– ɫɭɬɟɤ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟ
-
ɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɤΟɲɬɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ (F, Ɉ, N) ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ
ɬΟɡɿɥɟɞɿ
.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
H
2
O, HF.
ɆɟɬɚɥɞɵΙ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
–
ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵ ɠɚԑɵɧɚɧ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚ ɠɚԕɵɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɬԥɧ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɧ
ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɿɝɿ
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɨɪɬɚΙɬɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɭɵ ɟɤɿ ɚɬɨɦɦɟɧ
ɟɦɟɫ, ɤΫɩ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɠΟɡɟɝɟ ɚɫɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ
.
Ʉɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ
ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵ ɤԛɲɬɿ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɞɿ. ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɥɚɪɵ ɨɧɵԙ
ΡɡɵɧɞɵΕɵ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ, ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ, ΙɚɧɵΙ
-
ɬɵɥɵΕɵ, ɛɚΕɵɬɬɚɥɭɵ ɠΩɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫΙɚɧ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ
-
ɞɵΝ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚΕɵ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛΡɪɵɲɵ
ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
ɉɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɤ ɬԛɫɿɧɿɝɿ ɬɟɤ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪԑɚ ԑɚɧɚ ɟɦɟɫ,
ɠɚɥɩɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚԑɚ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɝɿ ɠԥɧɟ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɝɿ ɫɚɧɞɵԕ ɬԛɪɞɟ
ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
(
ȝ
)
ɲɚɦɚɫɵɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ: ɞɢɩɨɥɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɿɧɿԙ ɦԥɧɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ
ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɦɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɧɵԙ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɿ ɞɟ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ.
Ⱦɢɩɨɥɶɞɿɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ:
ȝ = Ɛ · q
,
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
Ɛ
–
ɞɢɩɨɥɶ ԝɡɵɧɞɵԑɵ (ɨԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɪɿɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɚɭɵɪɥɵԕ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɚɪɚԕɚɲɵԕɬɵԑɵ),
q
= 1,6 · 10Ǧ
19
Ʉɥ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵԙ ɛɿɪɥɿɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɵ.
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɧɵԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵ
-
ԑɵɧɵԙ ɬɚɪɚɥɭɵɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ. ɉɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɚ ɨԙ ɠԥɧɟ
ɬɟɪɿɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɭɵɪɥɵԕ ɨɪɬɚɥɵԕɬɚɪɵ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ, ɨɥɚɪԑɚ
18
–
3/129-15