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ɗɄɋɉȿɊɂɆȿɇɌɌȱɄ ȻԦɅȱɆ
1-
ɬΩɠɿɪɢɛɟ
. Ʉԛɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
(ɫɿɥɬɿɥɟɪɞɿ) ɚɥɭ
Ɍɚɩɫɵɪɦɚɥɚɪ:
1)
Ɇɵɧɚɞɚɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ: NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, KOH ɚɬɨɦ
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵɧ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟԙɿɡ.
Ɉɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɤԛɲɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɭԑɚ ԕɚɬɵɫɵɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿԙɿɡ.
2)
ɀɨԑɚɪɵɞɚ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɫɭɞɚԑɵ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧ ɚɥɵԙɵɡ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧ ɨɪɬɚɫɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚԙɵɡ.
3)
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹɞɚɧ ɛɚɣԕɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɪɞɿ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿԙɿɡ
ɠԥɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɥɟɪɿɧ ɠɚɡɵԙɵɡ
.
4)
Ⱥɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɦԥɥɿɦɟɬɬɟɪɞɿ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿԙɿɡ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ
ɠɚɫɚԙɵɡ.
ΘΡɪɚɥɞɚɪ ɠΩɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɬɟɪ.
ɋԛɡɝɿɲ ԕɚԑɚɡ, ɩɢɧɰɟɬ, ɮɚɪɮɨɪ
ɬɚɛɚԕɲɚ, ɫɵɧɚɭɵԕɬɚɪ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡ ԕԝɪɚɥɵ (ɡɟɪɬɯɚɧɚɥɵԕ), ɛɚɬɚ
-
ɪɟɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɚɫɵ, ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ Na ɦɟɬɚɥɵ (ɛɚɧɤɚɞɚԑɵ
ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧ ɚɫɬɵɧɞɚ ɫɚԕɬɚɥԑɚɧ), ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ
-
ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧ
-
ɞɿɫɿ, ɞɢɫɬɢɥɞɟɧɝɟɧ ɫɭ (H
2
O), ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɿ (ԝɧɬɚԕ) ɋɚɈ, ɤɚɥɢɣ
ɢɨɞɢɞɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿ (Ʉȱ).
ɌΩɠɿɪɢɛɟɧɿΝ ɨɪɵɧɞɚɥɭɵ
.
x
Ɇɟɬɚɥɞɵ ɫɭɦɟɧ Ωɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɬɿɪɭ ɠɨɥɵɦɟɧ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɧ NaOH ɚɥɭ
.
Ȼɚɧɤɚɞɚԑɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɧɚɬɪɢɣɞɿ Na
ɩɢɧɰɟɬɩɟɧ ɚɥɵɩ, ɫԛɡɝɿɲ ԕɚԑɚɡԑɚ ɫɚɥɵԙɵɡ, ɤɿɲɤɟɧɟ ɬɿɥɿɦɿɧ
ɩɵɲɚԕɩɟɧ ɤɟɫɿɩ, ɚɛɚɣɥɚɩ ɫɭɵ ɛɚɪ ɮɚɪɮɨɪ ɬɚɛɚԕɲɚԑɚ ɫɚɥɵԙɵɡ.
Ȼɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɠԛɪɝɟɧɿɧ ɛɚɣԕɚԙɵɡ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɚɹԕɬɚɥԑɚɧɧɚɧ
ɤɟɣɿɧ 1
-
2 ɬɚɦɲɵ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ ԕɨɫɵԙɵɡ, ɨɧɵԙ ɬԛɫɿɧɿԙ ԧɡɝɟɪ
-
ɝɟɧɿɧ ɤԧɪɿԙɿɡ.
x
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɨɤɫɢɞɿɧ ɫɭɦɟɧ Ωɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɬɿɪɭ ɠɨɥɵɦɟɧ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɧ (Ca(OH)
2
) ɚɥɭ.
Ⱥɥɞɵɧ ɚɥɚ ɠɵɥɵɬɵɥԑɚɧ
ɫɵɧɚɭɵԕɬɚԑɵ 1
-
2 ɦɥ ɫɭԑɚ (H
2
O) ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɬɚɦɲɵ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ
ԕɨɫɵԙɵɡ ɠԥɧɟ ɨԑɚɧ ɲɚɦɚɦɟɧ 1 ɝ ɋɚɈ ɫɚɥɵԙɵɡ. Ɏɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ
ɬԛɫɿɧɿԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿɧ ɛɚԕɵɥɚԙɵɡ.