Упрощенная HTML-версия
23
x
Ԕԝɪɚɦ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵɥɵԕ ɡɚԙɵ –
ɚɥɵɧɭ Ωɞɿɫɿɧɟ Ιɚɪɚɦɚɫɬɚɧ
ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɬɚɡɚ ɡɚɬɬɵΝ ɫɚɩɚɥɵΙ ɠΩɧɟ ɫɚɧɞɵΙ ΙΡɪɚɦɵ ΩɪΙɚɲɚɧ
ɬΡɪɚΙɬɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ (ɉɪɭɫɬ, 1801 ɠ.).
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
ɋO
2
ɤԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɿ ɚɥɵɧɭ ԥɞɿɫɿɧɟ ԕɚɪɚɦɚɫɬɚɧ
ԥɪԕɚɲɚɧɞɚ ɤԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿɧɿԙ ɛɿɪ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɬɬɟɝɿɧɿԙ ɟɤɿ
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ.
1) ɋ + O
2
o
ɋO
2
2) ɋɚɋO
3
o
CaO + ɋO
2
3) MgɋO
3
+ 2HCl
o
MgCl
2
+ H
2
O + ɋO
2
x
Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ ɡɚԙɵ –
ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɠɚΕɞɚɣɞɚ (Ɍ ɠΩɧɟ Ɋ) ΩɪɬΟɪɥɿ
ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɬɟΝ ɤΫɥɟɦɞɟɪɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ
(1811 ɠ.)
.
Ȼԝɥ ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɚԑɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚԕɚɲɵԕɬɵԑɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭ
-
ɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ԧɥɲɟɦɿɧɟɧ ɚɪɬɵԕ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɞɵԑɵɦɟɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿɥɟɞɿ,
ɫԥɣɤɟɫɿɧɲɟ, ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɤԧɥɟɦɞɟ ɛɨɥɦɚɫɵɧ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ ɫɚɧɵ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ԧɥɲɟɦɿɦɟɧ ɟɦɟɫ, ԧɡ ɤɟɡɟɝɿɧɞɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (Ɍ) ɦɟɧ
ԕɵɫɵɦԑɚ (Ɋ) ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚԕɚɲɵԕ
-
ɬɵԑɵɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ ɡɚΝɵɧɵΝ ɫɚɥɞɚɪɵ
:
x
ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɠɚΕɞɚɣɞɚ ΩɪɬΟɪɥɿ ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
-
ɥɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɫɚɧɵ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɤΫɥɟɦ ɚɥɚɞɵ
(
ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɝɚɡɞɵԙ 1 ɦɨɥɿ
ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ 22,4 ɥ ɬɟԙ ɤԧɥɟɦ ɚɥɚɞɵ
)
.
x
ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɠɚΕɞɚɣɞɚ ΩɪɬΟɪɥɿ ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɤΫɥɟɦɞɟɪɿɧɿΝ
ɦɚɫɫɚɥɚɪɵɧɵΝ Ιɚɬɵɧɚɫɵ ɨɥɚɪɞɵΝ ɬɵΕɵɡɞɵΙɬɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵΙ ɦɚɫɫɚɥɚɪɵɧɵΝ Ιɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧɚ ɬɟΝ
:
m
1
/ m
2
=
U
1
/
U
2
= Ɇ
1
/ Ɇ
2
= D,
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
D
– ɛɿɪ ɝɚɡɞɵԙ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɝɚɡ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ
ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɦɚɥɵ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵԑɵ
.
Ԥɞɟɬɬɟ,
D
ɫɭɬɟɤ (ɇ
2
)
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɚɭɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ
:
D
(ɇ
2
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ) = Ɇ (ɝɚɡ) / Ɇ (ɇ
2
)
Ɇ (ɝɚɡ) = Ɇ (ɇ
2
)
D
(ɇ
2
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
) = 2
D
(ɇ
2
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
)
D (
ɚɭɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ) = Ɇ (ɝɚɡ) / Ɇ ɨɪɬ
.(
ɚɭɚɧɵԙ
)
Ɇ (ɝɚɡ) = Ɇ ɨɪɬ.(ɚɭɚɧɵԙ)
D
(ɚɭɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ) =
29
D
(ɚɭɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ)