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1.2 ʒˆːˆˮˑ˩˒ ˖˘ʺˠˆ˓ːʺ˘˕ˆˮˏ˩ˌ ˄ʲ˒ʹʲ˕˩
Ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɲɿ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɦɚɫɫɚɥɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɤԧɥɟɦɞɿɤ
ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɬɵ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɬɵɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɧɵԙ ɛɿɪ ɛԧɥɿɦɿ
ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ
.
x
Ɂɚɬ ɦɚɫɫɚɧɵԙ ɫɚԕɬɚɥɭ ɡɚԙɵ –
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹΕɚ ɬΟɫɤɟɧ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵΝ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧΩɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɬΟɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵΝ
ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧɚ ɬɟΝ (Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ, Ʌɚɜɭɚɡɶɟ, 1748 ɠ.).
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɚԑɵ ԥɪɛɿɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɚɬɨɦ ɫɚɧɵ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹԑɚ ɞɟɣɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɞɚɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɣɞɿ, ɬɟɤ ɨɥɚɪ
ɛɚɫԕɚɲɚ ɬɨɩɬɚɫɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
2ɇ
2
+ Ɉ
2
= 2ɇ
2
Ɉ (2
2 +16
2 = 2
18)
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ Ϋɡɝɟɪɿɫɿɦɟɧ ɠΟɪɟɬɿɧ ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ɦɚɫɫɚɧɵΝ
Ϋɡɝɟɪɭɿɦɟɧ ɠΟɪɟɬɿɧɞɿɤɬɟɧ, ɦɚɫɫɚɧɵΝ ɫɚΙɬɚɥɭ ɡɚΝɵ
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɦɟɧ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵΝ ɫɚΙɬɚɥɭ ɡɚΝɵɧɵΝ
ɠɟɤɟɥɟɝɟɧ ɠɚΕɞɚɣɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ
ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ȼԝɥ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ
Ⱥ.ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ 1905 ɠ
. ɚɲԕɚɧ:
ȿ = mc
2
,
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
ȿ –
ɬɵɧɵɲɬɵԕɬɚԑɵ ɛԧɥɲɟɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ,
m
–
ɬɵɧɵɲɬɵԕɬɚԑɵ ɛԧɥɲɟɤ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ,
c
–
ɜɚɤɭɭɦɞɚԑɵ ɠɚɪɵԕ ɠɵɥ
-
ɞɚɦɞɵԑɵ (3
10
8
ɦ/ɫ).
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɦɟɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹɧɵԙ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿ, ɨɥɚɪ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɧɟ
ɚɣɧɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ.
x
ȿɫɟɥɿ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɬɚɪ ɡɚԙɵ
–
ɟɝɟɪ ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ
ɟɤɿ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ Ιɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɬΟɡɫɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɛɿɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɫɚɧɵɧɚ ɬɟΝ ɤɟɥɟɬɿɧ ɛɿɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿΝ ɫɚɧɵ ɠɚɣ ɛΟɬɿɧ ɫɚɧΕɚ ɬɟΝ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ (Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧ, 1803 ɠ.).
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
ɚɡɨɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɿ ԛɲɿɧ (N
2
O, NO, N
2
O
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
)
ɚɡɨɬɬɵԙ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿɦɟɧ ɛɿɪɿɝɟɬɿɧ ɨɬɬɟɤɬɿԙ ɫɚɥɦɚԕɬɵԕ
ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿ ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɬɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ 1:1, 1: 2, 1: 3, 1: 4, 1: 5
.
x
Ʉԧɥɟɦɞɿɤ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɬɚɪ ɡɚԙɵ –
Ϋɡɝɟɪɿɫɫɿɡ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɦɟɧ Ιɵɫɵɦɞɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹΕɚ ɬΟɫɟɬɿɧ ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɤΫɥɟɦɞɟɪɿɧɿΝ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɧɟ Ιɚɬɵɧɚɫɵ ɠɚɣ ɛΟɬɿɧ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɞɵΝ Ιɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧɞɚɣ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ
(Ƚɟɣ
-
Ʌɸɫɫɚɤ, 1805 ɠ.)
.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
: H
2
+ Cl
2
= 2HCl (ɤԧɥɟɦɞɟɪ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵ 1: 1: 2)