Упрощенная HTML-версия
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ɀԛɣɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɟɤɿ ɬԛɪɞɟ ɛɟɪɿɥɭɿ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ: (
Q
)
ɠɵɥɭ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ɠΡɦɵɫ
(
A
) ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ. Ȼɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ – ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɟɬɫɿɡ ԕɨɡԑɚ
-
ɥɚɬɵɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɦɟɧ, ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ – ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚ
ԕɨɡԑɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɦɟɧ ɛɟɪɿɥɟɞɿ.
ȱɲɤɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵ
ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ԕɨɪɵɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ, ɨɥ
ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ
(
H
)
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ:
U + ɪV = ɇ
ɀɵɥɭ ɠԥɧɟ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɦԥɧɞɟɪɿ ɬɟɤ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ ɠԛɪɭ ɠɨɥɵɧɚ
ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ
Οɞɟɪɿɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ
ɠɚɬɚɞɵ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɠԛɣɟɧɿ ɫɢɩɚɬ
-
ɬɚԑɚɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɬɿ ɦԥɧɿɧ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ.
ȱɲɤɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɧ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɦԥɧɞɟɪɿ ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ɫɨԙԑɵ ɤԛɣɿɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ
ɤΟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ
ɬԥɧ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ
ɠԛɣɟɧɿ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚԑɚɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɨɫɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ԧɡɝɟɪɿɫɿɧ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ, ɤԛɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ, Ƚɢɛɛɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ,
Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ.
ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ
(
S
)
– ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɪɟɬɫɿɡɞɿɝɿɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ, ɞɟɦɟɤ ɠԛɣɟ
ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚԑɵ ɪɟɬɫɿɡ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɵ
ɠԝɦɵɫԕɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚ ɚɥɦɚɣɬɵɧ ɛԧɥɿɝɿɧɿԙ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ԧɥɲɟɦɿ
ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɧɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ,
ɲɚɲɵɪɚԙԕɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɩɚɣɞɚɫɵɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɟɩ ɬɟ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ.
ɀԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɫɵ ɦɟɧ ɨɧɵԙ ɪɟɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧ (1879 ɠ.) ɡɚԙɵɧɚ ɛɚԑɵɧɚɞɵ:
S = kƐnW,
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
W
– ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɵԕɬɢɦɚɥɞɵԑɵ,
k =
1,38·10
23
Ⱦɠ/Ʉ Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵɫɵ.
ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɫɵ ɚɪɬɚɬɵɧ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɟɪ ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɬɚ ԧɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ.
ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɧɵԙ ɦԥɧɿ ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɬɵԕ ɤԛɣɿɧɟ, ɨɧɵԙ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿɧɟ
ɠԥɧɟ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ. Ɂɚɬ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿ ɦɟɧ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɧɵԙ ɚɪɬɭɵ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɧɵ ԧɫɿɪɟɞɿ. Ɂɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɝɚɡ ɠԥɧɟ
ɫԝɣɵԕ ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɫɵ ԧɬɟ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ (60–
380
Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ), ԕɚɬɬɵ ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪɞɟ (ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɪɟɬɬɿ ɠԛɣɟɞɟ), ɤɟɪɿ
-
ɫɿɧɲɟ ɬԧɦɟɧ 40–60 Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
S°(ɚɥɦɚɫ) = 2,4 Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ; S°ɇ
2
Ɉ (ԕ) = 39 Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ,
S°ɇ
2
Ɉ (ɫ) = 70 Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ, ɚɥ S°ɇ
2
Ɉ (ɝ) = 189 Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ·Ʉ,
ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, S(ԕ) < S(ɫ) < S(ɝ).