Упрощенная HTML-версия
110
Ƚɢɛɛɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ
(
G
)
–
ɢɡɨɛɚɪɚ
-
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ, Ɋ = const, Ɍ = const ɛɨɥΕɚɧɞɚ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɵ
ɠΡɦɵɫΙɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɠΟɣɟɧɿΝ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ,
Ƚɢɛɛɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ
(
G)
ɛɨɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ɞɟɩ ɬɟ
ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɨɧɵԙ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɬɵ ɦԥɧɿ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ΡΙɫɚɫɬɵΙ
ɞɟɩ
ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ʉԧɥɟɦ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (V = const, Ɍ = const) ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ
ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧɞɚ ɠԛɪɟɬɿɧ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ
Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧ
(
F
)
ɢɡɨɯɨɪɚ
-
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ. Ȼԝɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
-
ɥɚɪɞɵԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɿɫɿ
(
ǻ
G,
ǻ
F)
ɠɚɛɵԕ ɠԛɣɟɥɟɪ ԛɲɿɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿɧ, ɛɚԑɵɬɬɵɥɵԑɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɠԛɪɭ ɬɟɪɟԙɞɿɝɿɧ
ɛɚԑɚɥɚɭԑɚ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɤ ɛɟɪɟɞɿ.
Ⱥɲɵԕ ɠԛɣɟɥɟɪ ԛɲɿɧ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
(
P
) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ ԕɚɪԕɵɧɞɵɥɵԑɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɞɵ.
6.2 ʊʺ˕ː˓ʹˆˑʲːˆˊʲˑ˩˒ ˄ʲ˒ʹʲ˕˩
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɬɚɪ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɬɵɧ
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ ԛɲ ɡɚԙɵɧɚ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ.
x
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɡɚԙɵ
– ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɛɨɣɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɠɵɥɭ ɿɲɤɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɝɟ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚɧɵԙ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ
ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿɧɟ ԕɚɪɫɵ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɿɫɬɟɭɝɟ ɠԝɦɫɚɥɚɞɵ:
Q =
ǻU –
A
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
Q
– ɠɵɥɭ ɫɚɧɵ;
ǻ
U
– ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɿɲɤɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ
ԧɡɝɟɪɿɫɿ;
A
–ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚ ɬɚɪɚɩɵɧɚɧ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɤԛɲɤɟ
ԕɚɪɫɵ ɠԛɣɟɦɟɧ ɚɬԕɚɪɵɥԑɚɧ ɠԝɦɵɫ
.
Ɍɨɥɵԕ ɠԝɦɵɫ (
Ⱥ
) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɵ ɠԝɦɵɫ
(
A
c
)
ɩɟɧ
ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɤɟԙɟɸ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ԕɵɫɵɦɞɚɥɭ ɠԝɦɵɫɵ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɠԝɦɵɫɬɵԙ
(
ɪǻ
V
)
ɠɚɥɩɵ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ
:
Ⱥ=
A
c
+
ɪǻ
V
.
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ I
-
ɡɚԙɵɧɵԙ ɬɚԑɵ ɞɚ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɦɚɫɵ ɛɚɪ:
ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɦΩΝɝɿɥɿɤ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ
(ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ
ɠԝɦɫɚɦɚɣ
-
ɚԕ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɿɫɬɟɣɬɿɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɠɨԕ).
ɌɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵΝ I
-
ɡɚΝɵ
–
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵΝ ɫɚΙɬɚɥɭ ɡɚΝɵ
-
ɧɵΝ ɫɚɥɞɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ:
ɠɚɛɵΙ ɠΟɣɟɞɟɝɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵΝ
ɛɚɪɥɵΙ ɬΟɪɿɧɿΝ Ιɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵ ɬΡɪɚΙɬɵ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵΝ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɧɟ
ɚɣɧɚɥɭɵ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɠɨɣɵɥɦɚɣɞɵ ɠΩɧɟ Ιɚɣɬɚɞɚɧ
ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ, ɬɟɤ ɛɿɪ ɬΟɪɞɟɧ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɬΟɪɝɟ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ.