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One way or another, questioned or limited to certain types of ethnographic
research, experimentation on human embryos, many more. Until now rebel
opponents of vivisection -.. Operations on live animals in order to study the
functions of the body, the action on it of various substances, the development of
methods of treatment and the like are still arguing whether the organs transplant
ethics.
Controversial legitimacy of eugenics - a hereditary theory about human
health and ways to improve it. Progressive scientists put before eugenics humane
purposes. However, its ideas were used to justify racism. In modern science,
many of the problems of eugenics, especially the fight against hereditary
diseases, are solved in the framework of human genetics, including medical
genetics.
More than twenty years ago in California, two Stanford University
scientists for the first time managed to replace the bacteria in its genetic material
to a foreign, taken from bacteria - donor. This method of alteration of nature
called genetic engineering. According to different destinations spread Stanford
success. We pay attention to it, and in the food industry. Milk, cheese-
production, baking bread, making sausages, brewing, and much more based on
the activity of microorganisms. Large food corporations have long had a lab,
where were the selection, the selection of the most effective productive strains of
bacteria, which give the product the desired taste. The best varieties of invisible
workers of the firm - the owner is strictly classify. Bacteria - mutants, protected
by patents, are used to obtain pickling itself milk cheese in the preparation fast,
good bread, glucose syrups more. Enzymes - microscopic protein "axes" for cut
long molecules - have been improved by genetic engineering so that turned the
technology the production of many foods. In 1991. firm "Maggi", known for its
bouillon cubes, abandoned the old way of their preparation with hydrochloric
acid. The new, more secure technologies are highly active enzymes. In the
United States began to get sugar from corn, wheat. Of particular microbe
converts the feedstock into a syrup which is fed to a refinery. The syrup costs by
one-third cheaper than the cane, which is supplied in the USA Philippines.
According to the magazine "Der Spiegel", now in the world there are more than
3 thousand laboratories working with genes. Biotechnological company
expected by 2000. 16 times to increase their turnover. From genetic engineering
can be expected to scale, even global, results.
But genetic engineering is not restricted to the world of unseen organisms.
It intrudes into the hereditary material of plants and animals, especially
agricultural. For example, the potato has undergone a number of useful
transformations. Obtained the tubers are not afraid of drops, shocks - an
important quality during transportation, storage. Another sort of - for a table,
contains little starch, but a lot of valuable proteins. The third variety produces a
lot of starch.
Tomatoes are subjected to genetic operations, gave two varieties. In one
form of the molecule of heredity gene was deleted by determining fetal ability to
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