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Artificial protein nutrients - microbiological products booming industry. A
landmark event in the development of microbiology can be considered in 1947
the industrial production of penicillin. Two years later, in Japan based on the
glutamic acid obtained by the first amino acid biosynthesis. Then produced
antibiotics, vitamin - protein food additives, enzymes, drugs, growth substances
(eg gibberelin), bacteriological fertilizers, plant protection products, but
unfortunately, it was possible, and the production of biological weapons.
Biologists managed to decipher the mechanism of DNA recombination in
the synthesis of enzymes and biotechnologists were able to produce many
enzymes at relatively low their cost. Open ways to improve the technology of
biocatalysts do not exist in nature. For example, corn, wheat starch and sugars
suitable for fermentation. They are easily converted to glucose and, more sweet
products - fructose. Known microorganisms glucose processing many useful
chemical products (methane, acetone, acetic acid, lactic acid, and acrylic and t.
D.). Fermentation can use a relatively large amount of waste biomass from
agriculture, forest production.
Gene technology. Based on methods of molecular biology and genetics,
related to the purposive construction of new, not existing in the nature of gene
combinations. Gene technology called genetic engineering, emerged in the early
70 - x of the twentieth century called recombined DNA technology. Basic
operation Gene Technology - removing the body from cells gene (encoding the
desired product) or groups of genes and their connection with the DNA
molecules capable of penetrating into cells of another organism and reproduce in
them. At the initial stage of development of genetic technologies received a
number of biologically active compounds -. Insulin, interferon, etc. Modern
genetic technology combine the chemistry of nucleic acids and proteins,
microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, and discover new ways to solve many
problems of biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. The main goal of genetic
engineering - to modify the DNA, encode it for the production of protein with
desired properties. Modern experimental methods allow to analyze and identify
the DNA fragments and genetically modified cell into which the DNA is
introduced. With their help, purposefully made chemical operations on
biological objects, which is the basis of genetic technologies. Gene technology
has led to the development of powerful methods for analyzing the genomes of
genes, and they, in turn, - a synthesis, ie the construction of new, genetically
modified microorganisms.
By 1996 installed nucleic sequence of 11 different microorganisms from
the smallest autonomous breeding microplasma, containing a total of 580,000
pairs of nucleic. Among them - and industrial strains and those whose genome is
particularly interesting for science, in particular for the detection of previously
unknown principles of the organization of genomes and for understanding the
mechanisms of evolution of microbes. Industrial microbiologists believe that the
knowledge of the nucleotide sequences of the genomes of strains allow industrial
"programmed" them to the fact that they bring more revenue.
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