Упрощенная HTML-версия
76
x
ɋɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
– ɫɭɬɟɤ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ
ɤΟɲɬɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ (F, Ɉ, N) ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬΟɡɿɥɟɞɿ
.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
H
2
O, HF.
ɉɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɚԑɵ (ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɬɨɩɬɚɪɞɚԑɵ) ɫɭɬɟɤ
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ (ɇ
+
) ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɤɿɲɿ, ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɵ ɠɨԕ.
Ɉɥɚɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ
ɠԝɛɵɦɟɧ ɞɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵԕ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ԕɨɫɵɦɲɚ
ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɟ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ.
ɋɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬԛɡɿɥɭ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿ ɦɵɧɚ ɬԛɪɞɟ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ
(ԥɪɛɿɪ ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ԛɲ ɧԛɤɬɟɦɟɧ ɛɟɣɧɟɥɟɧɝɟɧ):
ɇ
Ɉ . . . ɇ
Ɉ . . . ɇ
Ɉ
| |
ɇ ɇ
ɋɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɚɪɚɥɵԕ (ԥɪ ɬԛɪɥɿ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ
ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ) ɠԥɧɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɿɲɿɧɞɟɝɿ (ɛɿɪ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɧɵԙ ɟɤɿ
ɬɨɛɵɧɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ) ɞɟɩ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɞɿ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɚɪɚɥɵԕ ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿ ԕɚɣɧɚɭ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɥԕɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵɧɵԙ,
ɬԝɬԕɵɪɥɵԑɵɧɵԙ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɵԑɵɦɟɧ ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɟɧɟɬɿɧ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɬɚɪ
ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɵԙ (ɚԕɭɵɡɞɚɪ, ɚɦɢɧԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ) ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿɧɟ
ԥɤɟɥɟɞɿ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
Ɍ
ԕɚɣɧɚɭ
(H
2
O) = 100
0
ɋ, ɚɥ Ɍ
ԕɚɣɧɚɭ
(H
2
S) =
–
60
0
ɋ;
Ɍ
ԕɚɣɧɚɭ
(HF) = 19
0
ɋ, ɚɥ Ɍ
ԕɚɣɧɚɭ
(HCl) =
–
84
0
ɋ.
x
Ɇɟɬɚɥɞɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
–
ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵ ɠɚԑɵɧɚɧ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚ ɠɚԕɵɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɬԥɧ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɧ
ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɿɝɿ
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɨɪɬɚΙɬɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɭɵ ɟɤɿ ɚɬɨɦɦɟɧ
ɟɦɟɫ, ɤΫɩ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɠΟɡɟɝɟ ɚɫɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ
.
Ɇɟɬɚɥɞɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɦԥɧɿɧɟɧ 3
-4
ɟɫɟ ɚɡ. Ȼɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԙ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ
ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ɛɟɪɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪԑɚ
ɬԥɧ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɦɟɧ ԕɚɦɬɚɦɚɫɵɡ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ (ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ɠԥɧɟ ɠɵɥɭ
ԧɬɤɿɡɝɿɲɬɿɤ, ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ, ɬ.ɛ.) «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɝɚɡɵɧ» ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
ΘΡɪɵɥɵɦɞɵΙ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵ ΙΡɪɚɫɬɵɪɭ ɠΩɧɟ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵΝ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧɵΝ ɬΟɪɿɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɭ
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɞɚԑɵ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɪɟɬɬɿɥɿɝɿ
ɡɚɬɬɵΝ
ΙΡɪɵɥɵɦɞɵΙ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵɧ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ. Ԕԝɪɵɥɵɦɞɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɞɚԑɵ
ɛɿɪ ɫɵɡɵԕ ɛɿɪ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɛɿɥɞɿɪɟɞɿ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ