Упрощенная HTML-версия
75
ɠΩɧɟ ɚɪɧɚɣɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ – ɞɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵΙ ɠΩɧɟ
ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ.
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵ
–
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ.
x
Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɤ (ɗɌ)
ɦΩɧɞɟɪɿ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɵΝ ɚɪɚ
-
ɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ
, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ǻɗɌ=0.
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
-
ɬɵΝ ɬΟɡɿɥɭ Ωɞɿɫɿ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
–
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ ɟɤɿ ɚɬɨɦɧɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɠԝɛɵ ɹɞɪɨɦɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵ
ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
ɇ
2
, Ɉ
2
, N
2
, ɋl
2
.
x
Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɤ ɦΩɧɿ
ΩɪɬΟɪɥɿ ɟɤɿ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ
(
ǻɗɈ < 1,7 ɷȼ).
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵΝ ɬΟɡɿɥɭ Ωɞɿɫɿ
–
ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɚɬɨɦԑɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɚɭɵɫɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
ɇɋl,
ɇ
2
Ɉ, ɇ
2
S, Nɇ
3
.
x
ɂɨɧɞɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
– ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ
ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ
(
ǻɗɈ > 1,7 ɷȼ).
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵΝ
ɬΟɡɿɥɭ Ωɞɿɫɿ
–
ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵ ɿɫ ɠԛɡɿɧɞɟ ɬɨɥɵԑɵɦɟɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɚɬɨɦԑɚ ɚɭɵɫɚɞɵ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɛԝɥ
ɚɬɨɦ ɛɟɣɬɚɪɚɩ ɢɨɧԑɚ, ɚɥ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɚɬɨɦ
–
ɨԙ ɢɨɧԑɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
NaCl, KBr (LiCl, BeCl
2
ԕɨɫɩɚԑɚɧɞɚ).
ȼɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɥɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
–
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ
ɫɢɩɚɬɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ
ɛԧɥɿɧɟɞɿ. Ɉɥɚɪ ɬɟɤ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɠԝɩɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢ
-
ɡɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɦɟɧ ԧɡɝɟɲɟɥɟɧɟɞɿ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ
-
ɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɝɿ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɚɬɨɦ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɬɨɥɵԑɵɦɟɧ
ɚɭɵɫɩɚɣɬɵɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, 100%
-
ɞɵԕ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ.
x
Ⱦɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵԕ (ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ) ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ
– ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɚΕɵ ɞɨɧɨɪɥɚɪ ɦɟɧ
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ
.
Ȼɿɪ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ ɬɨɛɵɧɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɵԕ ɠԝɛɵ (ɞɨɧɨɪɵ) ɛɚɪ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɬɚɪɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɨɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɵ
(ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ) ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬԛɡɭɲɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
Na
2
[Zn(OH)
4
]
(Zn
2+
–
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ, OHǦ
–
ɞɨɧɨɪɥɚɪɵ).