Упрощенная HTML-версия
70
ɬɨɤɫɢɧɞɿɥɿɝɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɫԕɚ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɝɟ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɤ
ɛɟɪɟɞɿ. Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɤɟɪɦɟɤɬɿɤɬɿԙ ɬԧɦɟɧɞɟɭ ԕɚɬɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɫɭԑɚ
ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɬɵ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɚɪɚɥɭɵ ɤԛɦɿɫ
ɮɬɨɪɢɞɿɧɿԙ ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɝɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɿɧɿԙ, ɛɪɨɦɢɞɿɧɿԙ ɠԥɧɟ
ɢɨɞɢɞɿɧɿԙ ɟɪɿɦɟɣɬɿɧɿɧ, ɛɚɫԕɚ ɠɚԑɵɧɚɧ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɮɬɨɪɢɞɿɧɿԙ
ɟɪɿɦɟɣɬɿɧɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɧ
ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɝɟ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɤ ɛɟɪɟɞɿ:
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ: FǦ > H
2
O > ClǦ > BrǦ > IǦ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ
: Ca
2+
> H
2
O > Ag
+
ɋɭɞɚɧ ɛɿɪ ɠɚԑɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪ ɟɪɿɦɟɣɬɿɧ
ɡɚɬɬɚɪ ɬԛɡɟ, ԔɀԔɇ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɫɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɚɞɵ.
ɋɭɞɚɧ ԥɪɬԛɪɥɿ ɠɚԕԕɚ ɬɚɪɚɥԑɚɧ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɹɥɚɧԑɚɧ
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵ ɬԛɡɟ, ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɟɧ ɫɭɦɟɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɚɞɵ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ
ɫɭɞɚ ɟɪɢɞɿ.
Ɍɚԑɵ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɦɵɫɚɥ, ɠԝɦɫɚԕ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ԕɨɪԑɚɫɵɧɧɵԙ,
ɤɚɞɦɢɣɞɿԙ, ɦɵɲɶɹɤɬɵԙ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɞɿ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɚԕɭɵɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ SH
(S
2
Ǧ – ɠԝɦɫɚԕ ɧɟɝɿɡ) ɬɨɩɬɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɤԛɤɿɪɬɩɟɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɩ ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɝɿɧ ɲɟɤɬɟɣɞɿ. ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪ
ɠԥɧɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɿɪɿɤɬɟɩ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿ ԔɀԔɇ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɫɵɦɟɧ
ɤɟɥɿɫɿɥɟɞɿ.
ȽɅɈɋɋȺɊɂɃ
Ⱥɦɮɨɬɟɪɥɿɤ
– ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɬɚ, ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɬɟ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɭ ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɿ.
Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫɬɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ
–
ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥԑɚ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɟ ɠɚɬɚɬɵɧɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɬɵɧ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ.
Ȼɟɣɬɚɪɚɩɬɚɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ
– ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɬԝɡ ɛɟɧ ɫɭ
ɬԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ, ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɚɥɦɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ɛɿɪ ɬԛɪɿ.
Ȼɢɧɚɪɥɵԕ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ
– ɟɤɿ ɬԛɪɥɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ
ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ.
Ȼɪɟɧɫɬɟɞɬɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ
–
ɩɪɨɬɨɧ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɭԑɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɭԑɚ (ԕɨɫɵɩ ɚɥɭԑɚ)
ԕɚɛɿɥɟɬɬɿ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥԑɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɟ ɠɚɬɚɬɵɧɵɧ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɬɵɧ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɞɵԕ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ.