Упрощенная HTML-версия
60
3.1-
ɤɟɫɬɟ – ɂɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɥɚɧԑɵɲɬɵԑɵ
«Ԕɚɬɬɵ» ɢɨɧɞɚɪ
«ɀԝɦɫɚԕ» ɢɨɧɞɚɪ
ɚ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ԕɚɛɚɬɬɚɪɵ ɚɹԕ
-
ɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚ
-
ɪɵ
(1s
2
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ns
2
ɪ
6
): Li
+
, Na
+
,
K
+
, Rb
+
, Cs
+
, Fr
+
, Be
2+
, Mg
2+
.
ɛ) ɟԙ ɬԧɦɟɧɝɿ ɬɟɪɿɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɵ
ɠԥɧɟ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɟԙ ɤɿɲɿ (FǦ)
ɮɬɨɪɢɞ
-
ɢɨɧɵ.
ɜ) ɤԛɲɬɿ ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ԕɚɥɞɵԕɬɚɪɵ
: ClO
4
Ǧ,
SO
4
2
Ǧ , NO
3
Ǧ
.
a)
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ԕɚɛɚɬɬɚɪɵ ɚɹԕɬɚɥ
-
ɦɚԑɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ
:
Fe
3+
, Mn
2+
, Zn
2+
.
ɂɨɧɧɵԙ ɟԙ ɠɨԑɚɪԑɵ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
-
ɥɵԑɵɧɚ s
2
p
6
d
10
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɛԝɥɬɵ
ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ.
ɛ) ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ԕɚɥɞɵԕɬɚɪɵ (FǦ ɢɨɧɵɧ
ԕɨɫɩɚԑɚɧɞɚ): ClǦ, BrǦ, IǦ, S
2
Ǧ, CNǦ,
SCNǦ.
ɜ) ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɠԥɧɟ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥ
-
ɞɚɪɞɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ԕɚɥɞɵԕɬɚɪɵ: SO
3
2
Ǧ,
NO
2
Ǧ, CɈ
3
2
Ǧ, SiO
3
2
Ǧ, PO
4
3
Ǧ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟ ɨɬɬɟɤ ɫɭɬɟɤɩɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɬԛɡɝɿɲ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɩɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɟ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɟɤɿ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɨɪɧɵɧ ɟɤɿ
ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵΙ Ωɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿ
(ɉԤ
)
ɲɟɲɟɞɿ
:
ɗ
n+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ – ɇ
1+
ɉԤ
1
ɉԤ
2
Ȼɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɫɢɩɚɬɵɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɉԤ ɫɚɥɵɫ
-
ɬɵɪɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
¾
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ:
ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ɉԤ (Ɉ
2
Ǧ – ɇ
1+
)
ɗ
n+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ ԛɡɿɥɿɩ, ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɵ
(ɈɇǦ) ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ;
¾
ΘɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΙ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ:
ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
– Ɉ
2
Ǧ)
!
ɉԤ (Ɉ
2
Ǧ – ɇ
1+
)
Ɉ
2
Ǧ – ɇ
1+
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɵ ԛɡɿɥɿɩ
,
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɫɭɬɟɤ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
)
ɛԧɥɿɩ
ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ
;
1-
ɦɵɫɚɥ:
NaɈɇ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɧɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɫɢɩɚ
-
ɬɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚԙɵɡ.
ɉԤ
(Na
1+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ
)
ɠԥɧɟ ɉԤ
(H
1+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ
)
ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɚɦɵɡ
q (Na
1+
) = q (H
1+
)