Упрощенная HTML-версия
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ɵԑɵɫɭɵ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɬԝɡɵɧɵԙ
ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿɦɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɤԧɦɿɪ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɫɭԑɚ H
2
O ɠԥɧɟ
ɤԧɦɿɪԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɝɚɡɵɧɚ ɋɈ
2
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ ԧɧɿɦɞɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿɦɟɧ ԧɡɚɪɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ:
2NiCl
2
+ H
2
O + 2Na
2
CɈ
3
o
4NaCl + CɈ
2
n
+ (NiɈɇ)
2
CɈ
3
p
2(ɋɇ
3
ɋɈɈ)
2
Pb + H
2
O + 2Na
2
CɈ
3
o
4ɋɇ
3
ɋɈɈNa + CɈ
2
n
+ (PbɈɇ)
2
CɈ
3
p
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ ɬԛɫɭɿɧɿԙ ɨɪɧɵɧɚ ɝɢɪɨɤɫɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɬɵԙ
(ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɬԝɡ) ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ ɬԛɫɭɿ ɛɵɥɚɣ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿɥɟɞɿ: ɟɤɿɧɲɿɝɟ
ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ.
ɄΟɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɬΡɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧ (ɋa
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
)
ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɧɵΝ
Na
2
CɈ
3
ɫΡɣɵɬɵɥΕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɦɟɧ Ϋɡɚɪɚ
Ωɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɬɿɪɝɟɧɞɟ ɬɟɤ ɨɪɬɚ ɬΡɡɞɚɪɞɵ ɚɥɭΕɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɵɧ
ɟɫɤɟɪɭ Ιɚɠɟɬ.
3.2 ɫˆʹ˕˓ˊ˖ˆʹ˘ʺ˕ʹ˲˒ ˌ˩˦ˌ˩ˏʹ˩ˌ-ˑʺʶ˲˄ʹ˲ˊ ˖ˆ˔ʲ˘˩
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪ
–
(ɈɇǦ) ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɬɨɛɵ ɛɚɪ ɤΟɪɞɟɥɿ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ
Ιɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ; ɨɤɫɢɞɬɿΝ ɫɭɦɟɧ ɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɠɚɧɚɦɚ Ωɪɟɤɟɬ
-
ɬɟɫɭɿɧɟɧ ɚɥɵɧΕɚɧ Ϋɧɿɦ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɝɟ ԕɚɬɵɫɬɵ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ: ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ (NaɈɇ), ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɥɿɤ (Zn(
OH)
2
) ɠԥɧɟ ԕɵɲ
-
ԕɵɥɞɵԕ (ɇ
2
SɈ
4
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ SɈ
2
(OH)
2
) ɞɟɩ ɛԧɥɟɞɿ.
Ȼɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɫɢ
-
ɩɚɬɵɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿɥɿɝɿ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭ (ɗȾ) ɠԥɧɟ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭɵ
ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ⱥɬɨɦ ΙΡɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɬΡɪΕɵɫɵɧɚɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿΝ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ
x
ɬɢɩɬɿɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΙ
ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ s
-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ ɠԥɧɟ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɟ ɟԙ ɚɡ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɟ ɢɟ, ɤɟɣɛɿɪ d
-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
(NaOH, Cr(OH)
2
) ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
x
ɬɢɩɬɿɤ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΙ
ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ p
-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɟ ɟԙ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɟ ɢɟ ɤɟɣɛɿɪ
d-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ,
ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΙ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
(HNO
3
, H
2
CrO
4
)
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
x
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΙ ɠΩɧɟ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΙ
ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ s, p, d –
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɟ ɚɪɚɥɵԕ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɟ ɢɟ