Упрощенная HTML-версия
451
ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɿԙ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɤԛɲɟɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ, ɤɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ,
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ, ɛԝɥ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ԛɲɿɧ
G
0
298
< 0.
ȿɤɿɧɲɿ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿ ɤɟɥɟɫɿɝɟ ɫɚɹɞɵ: ɫɭɦɟɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɞɟ
,
ɚɧɢɨɧ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ
ɞɟ ɬԛɫɟɞɿ. AlCl
3
ɬԝɡɵ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɟɞɿ, ɚɥ Na
2
S
ɬԝɡɵ ɚɧɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɟɞɿ:
Al
3+
+ ɇ
2
Ɉ
(Al
Ɉɇ)
2+
+ H
+
S
2
Ǧ+ ɇ
2
Ɉ
ɇ
S
Ǧ + Ɉ
H
Ǧ
Ɍԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵ H
+
ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɵ Ɉ
H
Ǧ
ɛɟɣɬɚɪɚɩɬɚɧɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɭɞɵ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ. Ȼԝɥ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɿԙ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ
ɫɚɬɵɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ, ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɧɿԙ Al(Ɉɇ)
3
ɬԝɧɛɚɫɵ ɠԥɧɟ ԥɥɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ ɇ
2
S ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧɝɟ ɞɟɣɿɧ ɠԛɪɭɿɧɟ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɤ ɬɭԑɵɡɚɞɵ.
5
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
0,1Ɇ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ ɤɚɥɢɣ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɵɧɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨ
-
ɥɢɡɞɟɧɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɪɬɚɧɵԙ ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɤɿɲɿɧɿԙ ɦԥɧɿɧ
ɟɫɟɩɬɟԙɿɡ. ɋɿɪɤɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵ
1
,8 · 10Ǧ
5
ɬɟԙ
,
ɚɥ ɫɭɞɵԙ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɤԧɛɟɣɬɿɧɞɿɫɿ
10
Ǧ
14
ɬɟԙ
.
ɒɟɲɭɿ
:
Ʉɚɥɢɣ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɵɧɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɭ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɧ ɠɚɡɚɦɵɡ:
ɋɇ
3
ɋɈɈǦ + ɇ
2
Ɉ
ɋɇ
3
ɋɈɈɇ + ɈHǦ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ԛɲɿɧ
(h)
ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵɞɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɧ (Ʉ
Ƚ
) ɬɚɛɚɦɵɡ. ɋɿɪɤɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɦɟɧ (Ʉ
Ⱦ
) ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɧ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɚɬɵɧ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɝɟ ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɛɟɪɿɥɝɟɧɿɧ ԕɨɹɦɵɡ:
Ʉ
Ƚ
= Ʉ
ȼ
/ Ʉ
Ⱦ
= 10
Ǧ
14
/ 1
,8 · 10Ǧ
5
= 5,56
· 10Ǧ
10
h
= ¥ Ʉ
Ƚ
/ ɫ
Ɇ
= ¥
5,56
· 10Ǧ
10
/ 0,1 = 7,5
· 10Ǧ
5
ɪɇ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ԛɲɿɧ, ɋɇ
3
ɋɈɈǦ ԥɪɛɿɪ ɚɧɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɛɿɪ Ɉ
H
Ǧ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ – ɢɨɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ. ȿɝɟɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ
-
ɞɟɧɟɬɿɧ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɫ
Ɇ
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɚɥ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ ɬɟɤ ɨɫɵ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ԛɥɟɫɿ h ԑɚɧɚ ԝɲɵ
-
ɪɚɣɬɵɧ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɫɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
-
ɢɨɧɞɚɪ h · ɫ
Ɇ
ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ:
[ɈɇǦ
] = h
· ɫ
Ɇ
= 7,5
· 10Ǧ
5
· 0,1 =
7,5
· 10Ǧ
6
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
Ȼԝɞɚɧ, ɪɈɇ
=
–
lg
[ɈɇǦ
] =
–
lg (7,5
· 10Ǧ
6
) = 5,12;
ɪɇ = 14 – ɪɈɇ = 14 –
5,12 = 8,88