Упрощенная HTML-версия
447
ȱɫɬɟɣ ɛɿɥɭɿ ɬɢɿɫ
:
1)
Ʉɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɛɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɭɞɚԑɵ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ (ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ, ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ)
ɨɪɬɚɫɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɥɚɪɞɵ
ɠԥɧɟ ɪɇ
-
ɬɵ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɚɧɭɞɵ.
2)
ɪɇ ɦԥɧɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɇ
+
ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɈɇǦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɥɚɪɵɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭɞɿ, ɠԥɧɟ ɤɟɪɿ
-
ɫɿɧɲɟ.
3)
Ȼɢɧɚɪɥɵ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿɧɿԙ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɥɟɪɿɧ ɠɚɡɭɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ԕԝɪɭɞɵ.
4)
ɋɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɇ
+
ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɈɇǦ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɥɚɪɵɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɧɵԙ ԥɫɟɪɿɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɞɿ,
ɛɿɪɚɬɬɚɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɟɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ
ɢɨɧɵɦɟɧ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ ɵԑɵɫɭɵɧɚ ԥɫɟɪɿɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɞɿ.
5)
ɂɨɧ
-
ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɥɟɪ (ɂȾԤ) ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ
ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚԑɵ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿɧɿԙ ɠԛɪɭɿɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭɞɵ.
Ԧɡɿɧ
-
ԧɡɿ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɭɞɵԙ ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚɥɚɪɵ
1
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
ɋɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɤɿɲɬɿԙ (ɪɇ), ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɞɿ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɤɿɲɬɿԙ (ɪɈɇ) ɠԥɧɟ ɫɭɞɵԙ ɢɨɧɞɵԕ ɤԧɛɟɣɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙ (ɪɄ
ɋɍ
)
ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿԙɿɡ. ȿɝɟɪ ɈɇǦ
-
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ 10Ǧ
8
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ ɬɟԙ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɇ
+
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɪɬɚɧɵԙ ɪɇ ɟɫɟɩɬɟԙɿɡ,
ɨɪɬɚɧɵ ɚɧɵԕɬɚԙɵɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ:
ɪɇ, ɪɈɇ ɠԥɧɟ ɪɄ
ɋɍ
ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɥɟɪ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧ:
Ʉ
ɋɍ
= [ɇ
+
]
[ɈɇǦ
] = 10
Ǧ
14
(1),
lg
ɪɇ
=
–
lg [H
+
] (2),
lg
Ʉ
ɋɍ
= lg [H
+
] + lg
[ɈɇǦ
] (3),
ɪɄ
ɋɍ
= ɪɇ + ɪɈɇ = 14 (4)
ȿɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɲɚɪɬɵɧ (1) ɬɟԙɞɟɭɝɟ ԕɨɹɦɵɡ ɠԥɧɟ ɇ
+
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ
-
ɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɬɚɛɚɦɵɡ:
[ɇ
+
] =
Ʉ
ɋɍ
/ [ɈɇǦ] = 10Ǧ
14
/ 10Ǧ
8
= 10Ǧ
4
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
(2) ɬɟԙɞɟɭɞɿ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɚɧɚ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɤɿɲɬɿԙ ɦԥɧɿɧ
ɬɚɛɚɦɵɡ:
lg
ɪɇ
=
–
lg
10Ǧ
4
= 4, ɫɟɛɟɛɿ ɪɇ < 7, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɪɬɚɫɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ.