Упрощенная HTML-версия
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¹ 15. ÇÅÐÒÕÀÍÀËÛ¡Æ°ÌÛÑ
ÃÀËÜÂÀÍÈÊÀËÛ¡ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÒÅÐ.
ÌÅÒÀËÄÀÐÄÛ£ ÊÎÐÐÎÇÈßÑÛ
ɀΡɦɵɫɬɵΝ ɦɚΙɫɚɬɵ:
ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ
ɫɯɟɦɚɫɵɧ ԕԝɪɚ ɛɿɥɭ, ɚɧɨɞɬɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɚɬɨɞɬɚ ԧɬɟɬɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵ ɠɚɡɚ ɛɿɥɭ, ɬԛɪɥɿ ɨɪɬɚɞɚԑɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɩ ɛɿɥɭ.
ɌȿɈɊɂəɅɕԔ ȻԦɅȱɆ
ȽɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
(Ƚɗ)
–
Ϋɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠΟɪɟɬɿɧ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵΝ (ɌɌɊ) ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɚ
ɚɣɧɚɥɞɵɪɚɬɵɧ, ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɧ ɬΡɪɚɬɵɧ ΙΡɪɵɥΕɵ.
ȿɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿԙ ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɬԝɡɵɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵ ɛɚɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ –
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ (ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ) ɲɟɝɿɧɞɟ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤ
ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ:
Ɇɟ + mH
2
O
o
Me
n+
mH
2
O + nƝ
ɇԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ ɨԙ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɬɟɪɿɫ
ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɥɚɞɵ (ɚɪɬɵԕ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɚɧ), ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɟɤɿ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ ԕɚɛɚɬɵɧ (ȿɗԔ) ɬԛɡɭɝɟ ԥɤɟɥɟɬɿɧ, ɬԛɪɥɿ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɪ
ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ.
Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, Ƚɗ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ɬɨԑɵɧɵԙ ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɞɚԑɵ
(ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԥɪ ɬԛɪɥɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɥɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ
ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɤɬɟɪɿ ԥɪ ɬԛɪɥɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ) ɛɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɬԛɪɥɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɭ
ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɬɟԙɟɫɭɿɧɟ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ.
1-
ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɪ ɚɣɪɵɦɵ ɜɨɥɶɬɦɟɬɪɦɟɧ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɦɟɧ ԧɥɲɟɧɟɬɿɧ, ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪɞɚɧ
ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ, ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ.
Ƚɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɬԛɪɞɟ ɬԧɦɟɧɞɟɝɿɞɟɣ ɠɚɡɚɞɵ:
Ⱥɧɨɞ (–) Ɇɟ
1
| Ɇɟ
1
n+
|| Me
2
n+
| Me
2
(+) Ʉɚɬɨɞ
Ɇԝɧɞɚԑɵ ɛɿɪ ɫɵɡɵԕ «
|
» ɛɿɪ ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ɬɨɬɵԕԕɚɧ (ɌɎ) ɠԥɧɟ
ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧԑɚɧ (ɌɡɎ) ɮɨɪɦɚɧɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɭ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵɧ, ɚɥ ɟɤɿ ɬɿɤ
ɫɵɡɵԕ «
||
» ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɭ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ.