Упрощенная HTML-версия
327
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ, ɛԝɥ ԥɥɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿ ɬԛɡɟɬɿɧ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɧɵԙ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ
.
Ʉԛɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɦɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɤԛɲɬɿ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɚɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ
ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ ԝɲɵɪɚɦɚɣɞɵ, ɛԝɥ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɚɡ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɚ ɫɭɞɵԙ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɩɚɣɞɵ, ɇ
+
ɠԥɧɟ Ɉɇ
-
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɬɟԙ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɨɪɬɚ ɛɟɣɬɚɪɚɩ ɠԥɧɟ
ɪɇ = 7.
Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿɤ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɤɿɲɿ (ɪɇ) 7 ɬɟԙ, 7
-
ɞɟɧ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ 7
-
ɞɟɧ ɚɡ ɛɨɥɭɵ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧ.
Ɍԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ
– ԕɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɟɝɿ ԛɞɟɪɿɫ,
ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɿԙ (h
Ƚ
n
, Ʉ
Ƚ
n
) ɤԛɲɟɸɿ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ԥɥɫɿɪɟɭɿ (h
Ƚ
p
,
Ʉ
Ƚ
p
) ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ ɵԑɵɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿ –
Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɍԝɡɞɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɠԛɪɝɟɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ
ɨɧɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԑɵ (ɪɇ
p
)
ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɣɞɵ, ɠԥɧɟ ɤɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ,
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɚɧɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɠԛɪɝɟɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ ɬԝɡ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙ
ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɝɿ (ɪɇ
n
)
ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɣɞɵ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɧɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɬԕɚɧɞɚ, ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɪɿ
-
ɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧ ɫԝɣɵɥɬԕɚɧɞɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɢɨɧ
-
ɞɢɩɨɥɶɞɿ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ
-
ɥɟɪɞɿ (ɂȾԤ) ɤԛɲɟɣɬɤɟɧɞɟ ɤԛɲɟɣɟɞɿ.
Ȼɿɪɟɭɿ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ, ɤɟɥɟɫɿɫɿ ɚɧɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɝɢɞɪɨ
-
ɥɢɡɞɟɧɟɬɿɧ ɟɤɿ ɬԝɡɞɵԙ ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧ ɚɪɚɥɚɫɬɵɪɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ
ɚɥɦɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ
ɟɦɟɫ,
ɟɤɿ ɬΡɡɞɵΝ ɝɢɞɪɨ
-
ɥɢɡɿɧɿΝ Ϋɡɚɪɚ ɤΟɲɟɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ
ɛɚɣԕɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
: ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɿ Nɇ
4
ɋl (ɬԝɡ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɟɞɿ, ɨɪɬɚɫɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ) ɠԥɧɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɵ Nɚ
2
SiɈ
3
(ɬԝɡ ɚɧɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɟɞɿ, ɨɪɬɚɫɵ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿ) ɟɪɿɬɿɧ
-
ɞɿɥɟɪɿɧ ɚɪɚɥɚɫɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ, ɟɤɿ ɬԝɡɞɵԙ ɞɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɫɭɞɵԙ
ɇɈɇ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɤԛɲɟɣɟɞɿ.
ȿɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɫԝɣɵɥɬɭɵ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɬԝɡɞɚɪԑɚ ɵɞɵɪɚɭɦɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ɟɤɿ ɚɡ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ ɝɢɪɨɤɫɢɞɿ Nɇ
4
Ɉɇ ɠԥɧɟ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɇ
2
S
iɈ
3
ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿɦɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ:
2Nɇ
4
ɋl + Nɚ
2
SiɈ
3
+ 2ɇɈɇ
o
2Nɇ
4
Ɉɇ + ɇ
2
SiɈ
3
p
+ 2Nɚɋl
Ȼɚɪɥɵԕ ԕɚɥԑɚɧ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɥɚɪɞɚ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɚɡ
ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿɦɟɧ ɚɥɦɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ:
AgNO
3
+ KI
o
AgI
p
+ KNɈ
3