Упрощенная HTML-версия
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ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɬɢɩɿɧɟ ɠɚɬɫɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪԧɬɤɿɡɝɿɲɬɿɤ
ɚɪɬɚɞɵ. ȿɝɟɪ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɞɟ «ɛɨɫ» ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ (ɚɟԕ)
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɚɡ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ (ɚɞԕ) ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪԑɚ ɛɿɪɿɤɬɿɪɿɥɫɟ,
ɤɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ, ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪԧɬɤɿɡɝɿɲɬɿɝɿ ɤɟɦɢɞɿ.
ɂɨɧɞɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ (ɂɊ)
–
ɛΡɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɞɟ
Ϋɬɟɬɿɧ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ, ɹΕɧɢ, ɛΡɥ ɢɨɧɞɚɪ Ιɚɬɵɫɭɵɦɟɧ ɠΟɪɟɬɿɧ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ
.
ɂɊ ɛɚΕɵɬɵ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪԑɚ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɭ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ: ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɤ ɤԧɛɟɣɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɦɟɧ ȿɄ
(ɬԝɧɛɚɥɚɪ ԛɲɿɧ), ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɦɟɧ Ʉ
Ⱦ
(ԥɥɫɿɡ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪ ԛɲɿɧ) ɬԝɪɚԕɫɵɡɞɵԕ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɦɟɧ Ʉɬɡ
(ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɬɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ԛɲɿɧ). Ɉɫɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɦԥɧɿ ɚɡ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ
ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɛɿɪ
-
ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ɛɟɪɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɚɞɵ. ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤ
ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪԑɚ ɫɨɧɵɦɟɧ ɛɿɪɝɟ, ԝɲԕɵɲ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ ɞɚ ɠɚɬɚɞɵ
(ɝɚɡɞɚɪ).
ɂɨɧɞɵԕ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɥɟɪɞɿ ɠɚɡɭ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɠɚɡɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɫɵɧ
ɫɚԕɬɚɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ:
«ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɬΟɪɿɧɞɟ ɬɟɤ ɤΟɲɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿ
Εɚɧɚ ɠɚɡɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɚɡ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ (ɚɞΙ) ɠΩɧɟ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ
Ιɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ (ɚɟΙ), ɫɨɧɵɦɟɧ Ιɚɬɚɪ, ΡɲΙɵɲ ΙɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵΝ
(ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ) ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɬΟɪɿɧɞɟ ɠɚɡɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ».
ɗɄɋɉȿɊɂɆȿɇɌɌȱɄ ȻԦɅȱɆ
1-
ɬΩɠɿɪɢɛɟ
. Ʉɟɣɛɿɪ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ԧɬɤɿɡɝɿɲɬɿɝɿ
Ɍɚɩɫɵɪɦɚɥɚɪ:
1)
Ⱦɢɫɬɢɥɞɟɧɝɟɧ ɫɭɞɵԙ H
2
O ɠԥɧɟ ԕɚɧɬɬɵԙ
C
12
H
22
O
11
, ɫɿɪɤɟ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ ɋɇ
3
ɋɈɈɇ, ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɧɿԙ NH
4
OH, ɬԝɡ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɧɵԙ HCl, ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɿɧɿԙ NaOH ɫԝɣɵɬɵɥԑɚɧ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɗȾ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɧ ɠɚɡɵԙɵɡ; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɤԛɲɿɧ,
ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ ԕɚɣɬɵɦɞɵɥɵԑɵɧ, ɞɢɫɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ (Į) ɠԥɧɟ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɧ (Ʉ
Ⱦ
) ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿԙɿɡ.
2)
ɀɨԑɚɪɵɞɚ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ ɡɚɬ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪԧɬɤɿɡ
-
ɝɿɲɬɿɝɿɧ ɛɚԕɵɥɚԙɵɡ ɠԥɧɟ ɬԛɪɥɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟ ɲɚɦɧɵԙ ɠɚɪɵԑɵɧ
ɛɚԕɵɥɚԙɵɡ.
3)
Ⱥɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɦԥɥɿɦɟɬɬɟɪɞɿ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿɩ, ԕɨɪɵɬɵɧɞɵ ɠɚɫɚԙɵɡ.