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Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟɩɟ
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ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ ɚɡ
ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ ɬԛɫɭ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɵԑɵɫɭɵ ԛɲɿɧ ɚɡ
ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɚɪɬɬɵɪɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ.
ΘɚɧɵΙΙɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɝɟ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ΙɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵΝ ɢɨɧɞɚɪ ΙΡɪɚɦɵɧɞɚ
ɛɿɪɬɟɤɬɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɛɚɪ ɤΟɲɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿ Ιɨɫɭ ɚɪΙɵɥɵ
ɠΟɡɟɝɟ ɚɫɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
AgCl ɚɟԕ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɚɪɬɬɵɪɭ
ԛɲɿɧ AgNO
3
ԕɨɫɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ, ɛԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɫ(Ag
+
)
n
ɠԥɧɟ KCl, ɫ(ClǦ)
n
.
Ⱥɫɚ ԕɚɧɵԕԕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɩɟ
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ɬɟԙɞɿɤ AgCl ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ
ɬԛɫɭ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ɵԑɵɫɚɞɵ.
.
Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ ɚɡ
ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɬԝɧɛɚɫɵɧ ɟɪɿɬɭ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɵԑɵɫɭɵ ԛɲɿɧ, ɚɡ
ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɚɡɚɣɬɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ.
Ԕɚɧɵԕԕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɝɟ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɛɟɪɿɤ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵɪɭ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿ
ԕɨɫɭ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɠԛɡɟɝɟ ɚɫɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ: ԕɚɧɵԕԕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ AgCl ɚɟԕ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɚɡɚɣɬɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɄI ԕɨɫɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ, ɛԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɫ(Ag
+
)
p
.
(IǦ) ɣɨɞɬɵԙ ɢɨɧɵ (Ag
+
) ɤԛɦɿɫ ɢɨɧɵɦɟɧ AgCl (ȿɄ AgCl =
1,8
10Ǧ
10
) ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɛɟɪɿɤ AgI ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɵɧ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ
(ȿɄ AgI = 1,5
10Ǧ
16
). ɀɚԙɚɞɚɧ AgI ɬԝɧɛɚɫɵ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧɞɿɤɬɟɧ,
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ AgCl ɬԝɧɛɚɫɵ ɟɪɢɞɿ:
AgCl
p
+ ɄI
o
AgI
p
+ ɄCl
Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫԕɚ
ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ: ɟɝɟɪ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ȿɄ ɦԥɧɿ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɚɡ
ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ȿɄ ɦԥɧɿɧɟɧ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɹԑɧɢ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ
ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ ɟɤɿɧɲɿɫɿɦɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ ɬԧɦɟɧ ɛɨɥɭɵ
ԕɚɠɟɬ.
Ʉɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿԙ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɤԧɪɫɟ
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ɬɿɥɝɟɧ ɨɧɵԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ
ɬԛɪɥɟɪɿ ɛɚɪ:
ɩɚɣɵɡɞɵΙ, ɦɨɥɶɞɿɤ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɵΙ, ɦɨɥɹɥɶɞɵΙ ɠΩɧɟ
ɦɚɫɫɚɥɵΙ (ɬɢɬɪ).
ɋɭɞɵΝ ɤɟɪɦɟɤɬɿɝɿ
Ɍɚɛɢԑɢ ɫɭɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɧɵԙ
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
ɠԥɧɟ
ɦɚɝɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɧɵԙ
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
ɛɨɥɭɵ ɨɧɵԙ ɭɚԕɵɬɲɚ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɬɵ ɤɟɪɦɟɤɬɿɥɿɤɤɟ ɫɚɹɞɵ. ɍɚԕɵɬɲɚ ɤɟɪɦɟɤ
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