Упрощенная HTML-версия
310
ɁɚɬɬɵΝ ɟɪɿɝɿɲɿɬɿɝɿɧɟ Ωɫɟɪ ɟɬɭɲɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɥɚɪ
x
ȿɪɿɝɟɧ ɡɚɬ ɩɟɧ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲɬɿΝ ɬɚɛɢΕɚɬɵ
–
ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɠΩɧɟ
ɢɨɧɞɵ Ιɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ, ɩɨɥɸɫɬɿ ɟɪɿɬɤɿɲɬɟɪɞɟ
(NaCl- H
2
O)
, ɚɥ
ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡ
–
ɩɨɥɸɫɫɿɡɞɟ (
I
2
–
C
6
H
6
)
ɠɚΙɫɵ ɟɪɢɞɿ
.
x
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
–
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɧɵ ɠɨΕɚɪɵɥɚɬɭ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪ
-
ɦɢɹɥɵΙ ΟɞɟɪɿɫɬɿΝ ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɝɿɧ ɚɪɬɬɵɪɵɩ, ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵΙ
ΟɞɟɪɿɫɬɿΝ ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɝɿɧ ɬΫɦɟɧɞɟɬɟɞɿ.
x
Ԕɵɫɵɦ
–
ɬΡɪɚΙɬɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɚ ɝɚɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ
ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɝɿ ɨɧɵΝ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥ Ιɵɫɵɦɵɧɚ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥ
(Ƚɟɧɪɢ ɡɚԙɵ:
ɫ = kP
)
.
Ԕɚɬɬɵ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɭɞɚ ɟɪɭɿ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɟɤɿ ԛɞɟɪɿɫ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ:
ɟɪɭ
l
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɞɚɧɭ
ɍɚԕɵɬɬɵԙ ԧɬɭɿɦɟɧ ɟɤɿ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɿԙ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵ ɬɟԙɟɫɟɞɿ ɠԥɧɟ
ɨɫɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɚ ɬԝɧɛɚ ɦɟɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤ
ɨɪɧɚɣɞɵ.
ɌΡɧɛɚɦɟɧ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟΝɞɿɤɬɟ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ
ΙɚɧɵΙΙɚɧ
ɞɟɩ
ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ
.
Ȼɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɚ ԕɚɧɵԕԕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟ ɟɪɿɝɟɧ
ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ ɫɚɧɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. ȿɝɟɪ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤ ɨԙԑɚ
ɵԑɵɫɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ
ΙɚɧɵΙɩɚΕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ
ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ. Ɍɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ
ɫɨɥԑɚ ɵԑɵɫԕɚɧ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧɞɚ, ɬԝɧɛɚɧɵԙ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ ɚɪɬɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ɚɫɚ
ΙɚɧɵΙΙɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ
ɬԛɡɿɥɟɞɿ.
Ʉԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɚɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ (ɚɟԕ)
ɬԛɡɭ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ. Ⱥɡ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ɬԝɧɛɚɫɵɧɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ԕɚɧɵԕԕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɧ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ ɠԛɣɟɥɟɪ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɞɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ
ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɠԛɣɟɥɟɪɞɟ ɛɿɪɞɟɣ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԕ ɩɟɧ (
X
) ԛɡɞɿɤɫɿɡ ɟɤɿ
ԛɞɟɪɿɫ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ: ԕɚɬɬɵ ɮɚɡɚɞɚɧ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɝɟ ɚɭɵɫɭɵ (ɚɟԕ
ɟɪɭɿ) ɠԥɧɟ ɬԝɧɛɚ ɛɟɬɿɧɟ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬԝɧɭɵ (ɚɟԕ ɬԛɫɭɿ).
«Ɍԝɧɛɚ
–
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ» ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɞɿ ɠԛɣɟɫɿ ԛɲɿɧ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɧ
ɟɪɿɝɿɲɬɿɤ ɤΫɛɟɣɬɿɧɞɿɫɿ
(ȿɄ)
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ.
Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɞɿ ɠԛɣɟ ԛɲɿɧ: AgCl
l
Ag
+
+ ClǦ;
ȿɄ (AgCl) = 1,8
10Ǧ
10
ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ ɲɚɪɬɵ: ɫ (Ag
+
) · ɫ (ClǦ) = 1,8
10Ǧ
10
(ԕɚɧɵԕԕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ)
ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ ɬԛɫɭ ɲɚɪɬɵ:
ɫ (Ag
+
) · ɫ (ClǦ )
!
1,8
10Ǧ
10
(ԕɚɧɵԕɩɚԑɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ)
ɬԝɧɛɚɧɵԙ ɟɪɿɬɭ ɲɚɪɬɵ: ɫ (Ag
+
) · ɫ (ClǦ)
1,8
10Ǧ
10
(ɚɫɚ ԕɚɧɵԕ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ)