Упрощенная HTML-версия
254
¹ 3. ÇÅÐÒÕÀÍÀËÛ¡Æ°ÌÛÑ
ÀÒÎÌ ¡°ÐÛËÛÑÛ Ò°Ð´ÛÑÛÍÀÍ
ÁÅÉÎÐÃÀÍÈÊÀËÛ¡ ÃÈÄÐÎÊÑÈÄÒÅÐ
ɀΡɦɵɫɬɵΝ ɦɚΙɫɚɬɵ:
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɥɚɪԑɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ
ɛɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ
-
ɬɿɧ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭ, ɛɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿ ɚɥɭ
ԥɞɿɫɬɟɪɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ɛɿɥɿɦɞɿ ɛɟɤɿɬɭ.
ɌȿɈɊɂəɅɕԔ ȻԦɅȱɆ
Ȼɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵɧ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɚɬɨɦ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵɦɟɧ ɞԥɥɟɥ
-
ɞɟɭɝɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
x
Ɍɢɩɬɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԕ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ
s
– ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ ɠԥɧɟ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɟ ɟԙ ɬԧɦɟɧɝɿ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɤɟɣɛɿɪ
d
– ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
(NaOH, Cr(OH)
2
)
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
x
Ɍɢɩɬɿ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԕ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ
p
– ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟ ɟԙ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ
ɤɟɣɛɿɪ
d
– ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΙ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
(HNO
3
,
H
2
CrO
4
)
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
x
Ɇɟɬɚɥɞɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԕ ԕɚɫɢɟɬ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ
s, p, d
–
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɟ ɚɪɚɥɵԕ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ
d
– ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɥɿ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
(Be(OH)
2
, Cr(OH)
3
)
ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪԑɚ ɠɚɬԕɵɡɭ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɢɨɧɞɚɧɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɬɟɪɿɫɬɿɤ ɲɚɦɚ
-
ɫɵɦɟɧ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɧɵԕ
-
ɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
ȱ. Ʉԛɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ ɚɥɭ ɠɨɥɞɚɪɵ
Ʉԛɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿ (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
ɠԥɧɟ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿ – ɠɟɪ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɵɧɚɧ (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ. Ʉԛɲɬɿ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿ
«ɫɿɥɬɿɥɟɪ»
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ, ɫɭɞɚ ɠɚԕɫɵ
ɟɪɢɞɿ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɭɞɚԑɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿ ɤԛɲɬɿ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿ ɨɪɬɚɧɵ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.