Упрощенная HTML-версия
250
Ɉɫɵɞɚɧ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ
(m
Me
) ɠԥɧɟ ɵԑɵɫɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ
(m
H2
) ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ ɛɿɥɟ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɿɧ (ɗ
Me
)
ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭɝɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ:
(ɗ
Me
)= (m
Me
) · ɗ
ɇ2
/(m
H2
),
ɦԝɧɞɚ ɗ
ɇ2
= 11200 ɦɥ/ɦɨɥɶ
Ⱥɪɵ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԙ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɿɧ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɿɦɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɧɿԙ ԕɚɬɟ
ɩɚɣɵɡɵɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ.
Ɉɬɬɟɝɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΝ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɿɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɭ
Ԥɞɿɫɬɿԙ ɦԥɧɿ ɛɨɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɚɡɨɬ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵ ɬԝɡԑɚ, ɫɨɞɚɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ
ɨɤɫɢɞɤɟ ɚɭɵɫɚɞɵ. Ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԙ ɟɪɭɿ ɦɵɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ:
Me + HNO
3
ĺ Me(NO
3
)
n
+ NO
2
Ĺ + H
2
O
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɟɪɿɝɟɧɧɟɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ, ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿ ԕԝɪԑɚԕ ԕɚɥɞɵԕ
ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧɲɟ ԕɚɣɧɚɬɚɞɵ. Ԕԝɪԑɚԕ ɬԝɡɞɵ ԕɨԙɵɪ ɬԛɫɬɿ ɝɚɡɞɵԙ (NO
2
)
ɛԧɥɿɧɝɟɧɿ ɬɨԕɬɚԑɚɧɲɚ ԕɵɡɞɵɪɚɞɵ:
Me(NO
3
)
n
ĺ Me
x
O
y
+ NO
2
Ĺ + O
2
Ĺ
Ɍԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԙ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɿɧ
ɟɫɟɩɬɟɣɞɿ. Ɉɫɵ ԥɞɿɫ ɬɟɤ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ԕԝɪɚɦɵ ɛɚɪ, ԕɵɡɞɵɪԑɚɧɞɚ
ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɣɬɿɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ԛɲɿɧ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ.
ɁɚɬɬɚɪɞɵΝ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵΙ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ ɚɧɵΙɬɚɭ
Ɇɚɫɫɚɧɵԙ ɚɬɨɦ ɛɿɪɥɿɝɿɧɞɟ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚɧɵԙ ɚɬɨɦ ɛɿɪɥɿɝɿ – ɛԝɥ ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɬɚԑɵ ɟԙ ɠɟԙɿɥ ɢɡɨɬɨɩ
ɤԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿ
12
ɋ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧɵԙ 1/12 ɛԧɥɿɝɿ.
Ƚɚɡ ɬԥɪɿɡɞɿ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭɞɵԙ
ɛɿɪɞɟɧ ɛɿɪ ɤɟԙ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɬɵɧ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɪɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ
Ʉɥɚɣɩɟɪɨɧ
-
Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿ (ɢɞɟɚɥɞɵ ɝɚɡɞɚɪ) ɚɪԕɵɥɵ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, ɝɚɡɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ԛɲɿɧ
ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɝɚɡɞɵԙ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ, ɤԧɥɟɦɿɧ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ԕɵɫɵɦɵɧ ɛɿɥɭ ԕɚɠɟɬ. Ʉԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɿɧɿԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɵԕ
ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭɞɵ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɦɵɡ. Ɍԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɧɿ 2
-
ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ ԕɨɧɞɵɪԑɵ ɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧ ɠԛɪɝɿɡɟɞɿ. Ʉԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɿɧ
(ɋɈ
2
) Ʉɢɩɩ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵɧɞɚ (1) ɚɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɝɚɡ ɫɭɦɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ɤԛɤɿɪɬ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɵɦɟɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ Ⱦɪɟɤɫɟɥɞɿԙ ɬɚɡɚɪɬɵɥԑɚɧ
ɲɵɧɵ ɫɚɭɵɬɵ (2) ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ԧɬɟɞɿ.