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ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹԑɚ ɬԛɫɟɬɿɧ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ
ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɬɟɪ
ɞɟɩ
ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵ –
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
Ϋɧɿɦɞɟɪɿ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ
.
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ԕԝɛɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ ԥɪԕɚɲɚɧ ɮɢɡɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕԝɛɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɦɟɧ
ԕɚɬɚɪ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ.
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɠɿɤɬɟɥɭɿ
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɪɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɠɿɤɬɟɥɟɞɿ:
I.
ɊɟɚɝɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿΝ ɠΩɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɞɚɧ ɲɵΙΙɚɧ (Ϋɧɿɦ
-
ɞɟɪɞɿΝ) ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵΝ ɫɚɧɵ ɦɟɧ ΙΡɪɚɦɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ:
x
Θɨɫɵɥɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ
:
Ⱥ + ȼ
o
Ⱥȼ
; 2Mg + O
2
o
2MgO
x
Ⱥɣɵɪɵɥɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ
:
Ⱥȼ
o
Ⱥ + ȼ
; 2HBr
o
H
2
+ Br
2
x
Ɉɪɵɧ ɛɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ
:
Ⱥȼ + ɋ
o
Ⱥɋ + ȼ
; CuSO
4
+ Fe
o
FeSO
4
+ ɋ
u
x
Ⱥɥɦɚɫɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ
:
Ⱥȼ + ɋȾ
o
Ⱥɋ + ȼȾ
;
NaCl +AgNO
3
o
NaNO
3
+ AgCl
p
ɉ.
ΘɚɣɬɵɦɞɵɥɵΕɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ:
x
Θɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ
: N
2
+ 3H
2
l
2NH
3
, H
2
+ Cl
2
l
2HCl
x
Θɚɣɬɵɦɫɵɡ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ
: NaOH + HNO
3
o
NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl
o
CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
n
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
o
2NaCl + BaSO
4
p
ɒ.
ɀɵɥɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɿɫɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ:
x
ɗɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ
(
'
ɇ 0, Q>0, ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɭ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ):
C + O
2
o
CO
2
,
'
ɇ = –393,5 ɤȾɠ, Q = + 393,5 ɤȾɠ
x
ɗɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ
(
'
ɇ>0, Q<0, ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ɚɣɵɪɵɥɭ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ):
x
CaCO
3
o
H
2
O + CO
2
n
,
'
ɇ = + 180 ɤȾɠ, Q = –
1
80 ɤȾɠ
IV.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɞɚΕɵ ɬɨɬɵΕɭ ɞΩɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɿΝ Ϋɡɝɟɪɭɿ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ:
x
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɞɚΕɵ ɬɨɬɵΕɭ ɞΩɪɟɠɟɫɿ Ϋɡɝɟɪɦɟɣ
ɠΟɪɟɬɿɧ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ:
Mg(OH)
2
o
MgO + H
2
O
KOH + HNO
3
o
KNO
3
+ H
2
O