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ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΝ ɬɨɬɵΙɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ Ϋɧɿɦɿɧ
ɬԛɡɟ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ; ԧɧɿɦɧɿԙ
ɬԛɪɿ ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɦɟɧ, ɦɟɬɚɥ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿɦɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ;
Ⱥu, Ɋt, Ir, Rh, Ɍɚ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɩɟɣɞɿ.
* ɇ
2
SɈ
4
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
– ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ɬΡɡ (ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ), ɫɭ
ɠΩɧɟ S ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɇ
2
S
(ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚԑɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ), ɚɥ ԕɚɥԑɚɧɞɚɪɵ
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ɬΡɡ, ɫɭ ɠΩɧɟ SɈ
2
n
ɬԛɡɟ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ:
4Ca + 5ɇ
2
SɈ
4
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
o
4CaSO
4
+ H
2
S
n
+ 4H
2
O
ɋɢ + 2ɇ
2
SɈ
4
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
o
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
n
+ 2H
2
O
*
ɇNɈ
3
(ɫԝɣɵɬ.)
– ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ɬΡɡ (ɧɢɬɪɚɬ), ɫɭ
ɠΩɧɟ NH
3
n
(NH
4
NO
3
)
; ɛɚɫԕɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɠɚԑɞɚɣԑɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ
-
ɬΡɡ, ɫɭ ɠΩɧɟ NO
n
(ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
N
2
Ɉ, N
2
, Nɇ
3
) ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿ
ɬԧɦɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ -
ɬΡɡ, ɫɭ ɠΩɧɟ NO
n
ɬԛɡɟ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ:
4ɋɚ + 10HNO
3
(ɫԝɣɵɬ.)
o
4ɋɚ(NɈ
3
)
2
+ Nɇ
4
NɈ
3
+ 3ɇ
2
O
3Zn + 8ɇNɈɡ (ɫԝɣɵɬ.)
o
3Zn(NɈ
3
)
2
+ 2NO
n
+ 4ɇ
2
Ɉ
4Zn +10ɇNɈɡ (ԧɬɟ ɫԝɣɵɬ.)
o
4Zn(NɈ
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3ɇ
2
Ɉ
3ɋɢ + 8ɇNɈ
3
(ɫԝɣɵɬ.)
o
3ɋɢ(NɈ
3
)
2
+ 2NO
n
+ 4ɇ
2
Ɉ
*
ɇNɈ
3
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
– ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ɬΡɡ (ɧɢɬɪɚɬ), ɫɭ
ɠΩɧɟ N
2
O
n
; ɛɚɫԕɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ –
ɬΡɡ, ɫɭ ɠΩɧɟ NɈ
2
n
ɬԛɡɟ
ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ:
4ȼɚ + 10ɇNɈ
3
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
o
4ȼɚ(NɈ
3
)
2
+ N
2
Ɉ
n
+ 5ɇ
2
Ɉ
Cu + 4HNɈ
3
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
o
Cu(NɈ
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
n
+ 2H
2
O
* ɫɭɵԕɬɚ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɥɟɧɝɟɧ
ɇNɈ
3
ԕɵɲԕɵɥ
Fɟ, ɋɨ, Ni, ɋɝ, Ⱥ1
ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɩɟɣɞɿ (ɦԝɧɞɚɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɬɟɧɟɞɿ, ɬɵԑɵɡ ɨɤɫɢɞɬɿɤ ɠɚɛɵɧ-ɞɵɦɟɧ ɨɪɚɧɚɞɵ), ɠɨԑɚɪɵ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɚ ɛԝɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ
ɬΡɡ, ɫɭ ɠΩɧɟ NɈ
2
n
ɬԛɡɟ
ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ:
Fɟ + 6HNɈ
3
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
o
Fɟ(NɈ
3
)
2
+ 3NO
2
n
+ 3H
2
O (Ɍ
n
)
*
ɇNɈ
3
: HCl = 1: 3
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɥɟɧɝɟɧ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ
ԕɨɫɩɚɫɵ («
ɩɚɬɲɚ ɚɪɚΕɵ
»)
Au, Pt
ɟɪɿɬɟɞɿ:
Au + HNɈ
3
+ 4HCl
o
H[AuCl
4
] + NO
n
+ 2H
2
O
Pt + 4HNɈ
3
+ 18HCl
o
3H
2
[PtCl
6
] + 4NO
n
+ 8H
2
O