Упрощенная HTML-версия
210
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿΝ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿΝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɿ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɿ ɛɚɥԕɵ-
ɦɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɿɧɟ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ԧɬɟɞɿ (12.2-ɫɭɪɟɬ).
Ɍԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ԧɧɿɦɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɪɵɧɚ,
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɚɛɢԑɚɬɵɧɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵɧɚ, ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿԙ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵɧɚ, ɨɪɬɚɧɵԙ ɪɇ ɦԥɧɿɧɟ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɨԕ ɤԛɲɿɧɟ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ.
Ⱥɧɨɞ ɟɤɿ ɬԛɪɝɟ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɞɿ:
ɟɪɿɦɟɣɬɿɧ
ɚɧɨɞ
(ɢɧɟɪɬɬɿ ɡɚɬɬɚɪ –
ɤԧɦɿɪ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɩɥɚɬɢɧɚɞɚɧ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɚɥɬɵɧɧɚɧ ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ) ɠԥɧɟ
ɟɪɿɦɬɚɥ
ɚɧɨɞ
(ɚɧɨɞ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɵ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ; ɨɥɚɪ ɦɵɫ, ɤԛɦɿɫ ɠԥɧɟ
ɛɚɫԕɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɚɧ (ɩɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɦɟɧ ɚɥɬɵɧɧɚɧ ɛɚɫԕɚɫɵ) ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ.
Ȼɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɚɧɨɞ ɬɨɬɵԕɩɚɣɞɵ, ɚɥ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɚɧɨɞɬɚɧ
ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɬɨɬɵԑɚɞɵ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ
ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿΝ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡ ԧɧɿɦɞɟɪɿɧ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɿɫ ɠԛɡɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɟɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɞɿ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ:
¾
ɤɚɬɨɞɬɚΕɵ Οɞɟɪɿɫɬɟɪ
ɤɚɬɨɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɧɚ
ɬΩɭɟɥɫɿɡ,
ɬɟɤ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ Ιɚɬɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΝ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫΙɚɧ ɨɪɧɵɧɚ ɬΩɭɟɥɞɿ;
¾
ɚɧɨɞɬɚΕɵ Οɞɟɪɿɫɬɟɪ
ɚɧɨɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɧɚ ɠΩɧɟ ɚɧɢɨɧ
ɬɚɛɢΕɚɬɵɧɚ ɬΩɭɟɥɞɿ.
12.5 ʂʺ˘ʲˏʹʲ˕ʹ˩˒ ˊ˓˕˕˓˄ˆˮ˖˩
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ –
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɛɚɥΙɵɦɚɥɚɪɞɵΝ ΙɨɪɲɚΕɚɧ
ɨɪɬɚɦɟɧ Ωɫɟɪɥɟɫɭɿ ɧΩɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ Ϋɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɛΡɡɵɥɭ Οɞɟɪɿɫɿ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹɧɵ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ
ɠԥɧɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ
ɞɟɩ ɟɤɿ
ɬԛɪɝɟ ɛԧɥɟɞɿ
.
x
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ
– ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹɥɵΙ ɨɪɬɚɞɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫΙɚɧ
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵΝ, ɨɧɵΝ ɬɨɬɵΙɬɵɪΕɵɲɬɚɪɵɦɟɧ ɬɨɬɵΕɭɵ ɧΩɬɢ-
ɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɛΡɡɵɥɭɵ.
ɏɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚɞɚԑɵ ɛɚɪ
ɝɚɡɞɚɪɦɟɧ (O
2
, SO
2
, CO
2
, H
2
S, NH
3
ɠԥɧɟ ɬ.ɛ.) ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɿɧɟ
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ.
Ȼԝԑɚɧ ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ԛɥɟɫɬɿ ɚɭɚɞɚԑɵ ɨɬɬɟɤ ԕɨɫɚɞɵ. Ʉɟɣɛɿɪ (Al, Cr,
Zn, Pb, Sn) ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵ ɚɭɚɞɚԑɵ ɝɚɡɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԕɬɚɪɞɚɧ
ɨɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɬɵԑɵɡ ԕɚɛɵɪɲɵԑɵ ԕɨɪԑɚɣɞɵ, ɛԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ
ɞɟɪɟɭ ɛԥɫɟԙɞɟɣɞɿ.