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9.4 ɩʺˇ˓˕ʶʲˑˆˊʲˏ˩ˌ ˌ˓˖˩ˏ˩˖˘ʲ˕ʹ˩˒ ʝɮ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɛɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ԕɚɣ ɤɥɚɫɵɧɚ ɠɚɬɚɬɵɧɞɵԑɵɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ.
Ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ –
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ
ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɧ ΙɵɲΙɵɥ ΙɚɥɞɵΕɵ ɚɧɢɨɧɵɧ ɬΟɡɟɬɿɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪ.
Ψɥɫɿɡ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ
ԕɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
HF H
+
+ FǦ;
( < 1)
1-
ɫɚɬɵ:
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
Ǧ ; (
1
= 2
10Ǧ
1
)
2-
ɫɚɬɵ:
H
2
PO
4
Ǧ
H
+
+ HPO
4
2
Ǧ;
(
2
= 3
10Ǧ
6
)
3-
ɫɚɬɵ:
HPO
4
2
Ǧ
H
+
+ PO
4
3
Ǧ ;
(
3
= 2
10Ǧ
11
)
ɄΟɲɬɿ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪɞɵΝ
ɫΡɣɵɬɵɥΕɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿ
(ɲɚɪɬɬɵ
ɬԛɪɞɟ 10%
-
ԑɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ 0,1Ɇ ɞɟɣɿɧ) ԕɚɣɬɵɦɫɵɡ, ɚɥ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɥɿ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪ Ιɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
HCl (ɫԝɣɵɬ.)
H
+
+ ClǦ ;
(
1)
H
2
SO
4
(
ɫԝɣɵɬ
.) 2 H
+
+ SO
4
2
Ǧ;
(
1)
HCl (
ɤɨɧɰ
.)
H
+
+ ClǦ ;
(
1
< 1)
1-
ɫɚɬɵ
: H
2
SO
4
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
H
+
+ HSO
4
Ǧ;
(
1
< 1)
2-
ɫɚɬɵ
: HSO
4
Ǧ (ɤɨɧɰ
.)
H
+
+ SO
4
2
Ǧ ; (
2
<
1
< 1)
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɧ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
-
ɢɨɧɵ ɚɧɢɨɧɵɧ ɬΟɡɟɬɿɧ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɟɪ
.
Ψɥɫɿɡ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ
ԕɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɞɵ
.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
NH
4
OH NH
4
+
+ OH
Ǧ;
(
1
< 1)
1-
ɫɚɬɵ
:
ɋ
u
(Ɉɇ)
2
ɋ
u
Ɉɇ
+
+ ɈɇǦ;
(
1
< 1)
2-
ɫɚɬɵ
:
ɋ
u
Ɉɇ
+
ɋ
u
2+
+ ɈɇǦ;
(
2
<
1
< 1)
ɄΟɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿΝ
(
ɫɿɥɬɿɥɟɪɞɿΝ
)
ɫԝɣɵɬɵɥԑɚɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿ
ԕɚɣɬɵɦɫɵɡ, ɚɥ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɥɿ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪ
ԕɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚ
-
ɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɞɵ
.