Упрощенная HTML-версия
470
ȱɫɬɟɣ ɛɿɥɭɿ ɬɢɿɫ
:
1) s-, p-, d-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ԕԝɪɵ
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ɥɵɫɵ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɠɚɥɩɵ
ɮɢɡɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɭɞɵ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ
ɚɣɵɪɦɚɲɵɥɵԕɬɚɪɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ ԝԕɫɚɫɬɵԕɬɚɪɵɧ.
2)
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚ
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ɰɢɹɥɵԕ ɫɚɧɵɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɬɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɨɩɲɚɥɚɪɞɚ
ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɬɚɪɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɭ ɫɢɩɬɬɚɦɚɫɵɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɭɞɿ;
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ
ɞԥɪɟɠɟɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ԧɫɭɿɦɟɧ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ
-
ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
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ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿɧ ɛɚԑɚɥɚɣ ɛɿɥɭɞɿ.
3)
Ɇɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɣɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵ ɚɥɭɞɵԙ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɬɟԙɞɟɭɥɟɪɿɧ, ɠԥɧɟ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɨɬɬɟɝɿɝɟ, ɫɭɬɟɝɿɝɟ, ɫɭԑɚ, ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪԑɚ
(ɬɨɬɵԕɩɚɣɬɵɧ, ɬɨɬɵԑɚɬɵɧ), ɫɿɥɬɿɥɟɪɝɟ ɠԥɧɟ ɬԝɡɞɚɪԑɚ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧ
ɠɚɡɚ ɛɿɥɭɞɿ.
4)
Ȼɿɪ ɛɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ ɛɚɫԕɚ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫԕɚ
ɚɣɧɚɥɭɵɧɵԙ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɧ ɠɚɡɭɞɵ.
5)
Ʉɟɣɛɿɪ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɞɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚ
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ɰɢɹɥɚɭɞɵ; ɨɫɵ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭɞɵԙ ɫɚɩɚɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵɧ ɠɚɡɚ
ɛɿɥɭɞɿ.
Ԧɡɿɧ
-
ԧɡɿ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɭ ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚɥɚɪɵ
1
-
ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
.
Ƚɚɥɨɝɟɧɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ԕɚɬɚɪɵ ԛɲɿɧ:
F Cl
Br I
ɪɟɬɬɿɤ ɧԧɦɟɪɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɢɨɧɞɚɧɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɦԥɧɿɧɟ ɠԥɧɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧԑɚ ɵɧɬɵԕɬɵɥɵԑɵ ԥɫɟɪɿɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿԙɿɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ:
3 ԕɨɫɵɦɲɚԑɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɢɨɧɞɚɧɭ ɷɧɟɪ
-
ɝɢɹɫɵ (ɂɗ), ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧԑɚ ɬɚɪɬԕɵɲɬɵԑɵ (ɗɌ) ɠԥɧɟ ɚɬɨɦɞɚɪ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɬɚɪɵ (r) ɦɵɧɚԑɚɧ ɬɟԙ:
ɋɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ
F
Cl
Br
I
ɂɗ, ɷȼ
17,42
12,97
11,84
10,45
ɗɌ, ɷȼ
3,6
3,8
3,5
3,2
r
, ɧɦ
0,064
0,099
0,114
0,133
ȱɲɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɦɟɧ ɹɞɪɨɧɵ ɷɤɪɚɧɞɚɭ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɹɞɪɨɧɵԙ
ɡɚɪɹɞɵ ɬɢɿɦɞɿ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɯɥɨɪ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
)
ɢɨɧɞɚɧɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ ɮɬɨɪԑɚ
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
) ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ ɟɞԥɭɿɪ ɚɡ. Ɏɬɨɪ
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɡ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵ ԧɡɚɪɚ
ɬɟɛɭɞɿԙ ɫɚɥɞɚɪɵɧɚɧ, ɯɥɨɪ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɤԧɛɿɪɟɤ
ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɚ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ, ԕɨɫɵɦɲɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ