Упрощенная HTML-версия
408
ɤɟɥɬɿɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ
ɦԥɧɿɦɟɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ.
ȼ
2
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɏɭɧɞ ɟɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ
ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ, ɟɤɿ
ɋȼ
2ɪ
-
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ. ɀԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɛԝɥ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɬɿ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɿɧ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ. ɋ
2
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɤɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ, ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ
ɠԝɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ, ɞɟɦɟɤ, ɛԝɥ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɞɢɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɬɿ.
4
– ɬɚɩɫɵɪɦɚ
. SiF
4
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɵԙ,
SiF
6
2
Ǧ ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɬԛɡɿɥɭ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɟɛɟɩɬɿ ɋ
F
6
2
Ǧ ɢɨɧɵ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɬɵɧɵɧ
ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿԙɿɡ.
ɒɟɲɭɿ
:
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ
1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
6
3s
2
3ɪ
2
.
Ԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɨɧɵԙ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶ
-
ɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɵԕ
-
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɨɪɦɭ
-
ɥɚɦɟɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɟɞɿ:
3s
2
3ɪ
2
3d
0
Si
ɚɬɨɦɵ ԕɨɡԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟ
1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
6
3s
1
3ɪ
3
.
3s
1
3ɪ
3
3d
0
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣɞɿԙ ɬԧɪɬ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɮɬɨɪ ɚɬɨɦɵɦɟɧ
(1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
5
)
ɚɥɦɚɫɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
SiF
4
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧ ɬԛɡɟ,
ɬԧɪɬ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɬԛɡɟɞɿ.
SiF
6
2
Ǧ ɢɨɧɵ ɬԛɡɿɥɭɿ ԛɲɿɧ
SiF
4
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɚ ɬɚԑɵ ɞɚ FǦ (
1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
6
)
ɹԑɧɢ, ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɞɚɪɵ ɠԝɩɬɚɫԕɚɧ ɟɤɿ ɢɨɧɵ ԕɨɫɵɥɭɵ ɬɢɿɫ.
Ԥɪ ɮɬɨɪɢɞ – ɢɨɧɧɵԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɠԝɛɵ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ
ɚɬɨɦɵɧɵԙ ɟɤɿ ɛɨɫ
3d-
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɵ ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫ ɞɨɧɨɪɥɵ
-
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɥɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɠԛɡɟɝɟ ɚɫɚɞɵ.
Ʉԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿ (
1s
2
2s
2
2ɪ
2
) ɬԛɡɟ ɚɥɚɞɵ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣɝɟ ԝԕɫɚɫ ɬɟɤ ɋ
F
4
ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɵ ɤԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿɧɿԙ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿ ɲɟɤɬɟɭɥɿ. Ʉԧɦɿɪɬɟɝɿ
ɋ
F
6
2
Ǧ ɢɨɧɵɧ ɠԝɩɬɚɫɩɚԑɚɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ, ɜɚɥɟɧɬɬɿɤ ɞɟԙɝɟɣɞɟ
ɛɨɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɠԥɧɟ ɛԧɥɿɧɛɟɣɬɿɧ ɠԝɩ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɛɨɥɦɚɭɵɧɚɧ, ɬԛɡɟ ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ.